The reference library
Three approaches.
The published evidence.
802 references on medial parapatellar, subvastus, and midvastus approaches, including related techniques. Compiled from PubMed/MEDLINE on September 11, 2026.
Start with these reviews
- Berstock et al., 2018
Subvastus: earlier straight-leg raise, less day-one pain, more week-one motion, and longer operating time.
- Alcelik et al., 2012
Midvastus: approximately 9° more flexion in the first week in pooled trials.
- Xu et al., 2014
Mini-midvastus: early benefits diminish; later scores, motion, and complications were generally comparable.
- Rainey et al., 2026
Across 27 randomized trials, no approach consistently outperformed the others for motion, patient-reported outcomes, or reoperation rates.
- Vaishya et al., 2016
Anatomy, exposure, patient selection, and the importance of the surgeon’s training and experience.
1. Comparative studies (two or more of the three approaches)
- Erdem AC, Erdem M, Turgut N, Bayam L, Sağlam F, Serttaş MF. Is the Mini-Midvastus Approach for Total Knee Arthroplasty Any Better in Reducing Blood Loss and Hospital Stay?. J Knee Surg. 2026;39(11):567-574. PMID 41760101.
- Fan Y, Jiang L, Chen Z, Wang C. Comparison of robot-assisted modified subvastus approach versus medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective cohort study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2026;21(1):81. PMID 41484636.
- Gürbüz S, Pehlivanoğlu G, İğde N, Keskin A, Ayaz MB, Karslıoğlu B. Comparison of Subvastus and Medial Parapatellar Approaches in Total Knee Arthroplasty for Patients Aged Over 75 Years: Implications for Postoperative Rehabilitation and Early Mobilization. Med Sci Monit. 2026;32:e952375. PMID 42141711.
- Huh MH, Kim HJ, Shin YS. Comparison of conventional and minimally invasive approaches of primary total knee arthroplasty: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2026;27(1):. PMID 41807933.
- Mylonas V, Grigoriadis S, Metaxiotis D, Kellis E, Stergiou N, Nikodelis T. Medial parapatellar surgical approach leads to greater loss of postural sway complexity compared to mid-vastus approach in women undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2026;34(5):1700-1712. PMID 40923336.
- Rainey JP, Radtke LE, Gililland JM, Mont MA. The Influence of Total Knee Arthroplasty Surgical Approach on Range of Motion, Patient-Reported Outcome Measures, and Reoperation Rates: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Arthroplasty. 2026;41(8):2548-2555. PMID 41240972.
- Shah P, Singh R, Shanwal PK, Yadav DK, Jain R. Comparing the Subvastus and Medial Parapatellar Approaches in Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Orthop Case Rep. 2026;16(4):346-350. PMID 41970725.
- DeFrancisis JS, Munro R, Danahy P, Farmer ME. Comparison of Postoperative Outcomes Following Medial Parapatellar Versus Medial Subvastus Approaches for Total Knee Arthroplasty in a Single Patient: A Case Report. Cureus. 2025;17(7):e88843. PMID 40881534.
- Gounot A, Dardenne G, Dehaine B, Burdin V, Decrouez M. Patient-Specific Prediction of Total Knee Arthroplasty Surgical Exposure Using a Statistical Shape Model Augmented with Clinical Dataset. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2025;2025:1-7. PMID 41336671.
- Gupta G, Gupta AR, Aggarwal S, Raghuraj A. A comparative study between Sub-vastus and medial parapatellar approaches in total knee arthroplasty: A prospective study. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2025;70:103209. PMID 41049718.
PubMed · DOI · PMC · Open-access link
- Hinkley JR, Nedopil AJ, Berend KR. An Insert Goniometer Identifies One Insert Thickness That Provides Maximum Tibial Rotation During Kinematically Aligned TKA Using a Medial Parapatellar Approach. Surg Technol Int. 2025;45:. PMID 39946751.
- Hu W, Nie Y, Li Y, Yang B, Su Z, Zhu Z, et al.. A modified minimally invasive subvastus approach shows superior early postoperative clinical outcomes compared to the medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis patients: a comparative study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025;26(1):1117. PMID 41422212.
- Jamal R, Shaqroon HA. Total Knee Revision Using the Midvastus Approach: A Case Report. Cureus. 2025;17(5):e83945. PMID 40357318.
- MacLeod JS, Hershey M, Sherman KA, Lee MS, McKenzie C, Kukushliev VV, et al.. Perioperative outcomes of the quadriceps-sparing subvastus approach versus medial parapatellar approach for primary total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop. 2025;70:208-214. PMID 40895354.
- Prashanth BN, Sangani K, Reddy YM. Robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty using modified sub-vastus approach: A series of 120 knees. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2025;68:103078. PMID 40524732.
- Quah ESH, Chee BRK, Thwin L, Yam MGJ. Comparing early functional outcomes between the midvastus and medial parapatellar approach for total knee arthroplasty: A prospective cohort study in an Asian population. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2025;67:103033. PMID 40771995.
- Silva RRD, Matos MA, Badaró DA, Prata PB, Ariel de Lima D. A Comparative Study of the Medial Parapatellar and Midvastus Surgical Approaches for Total Knee Arthroplasty. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2025;60(1):s00441800945. PMID 40041749.
- Aladraii AA, Allehaibi LZ, Fattani AA, Alkhudairy TA, Al-Margan AM, Al-Dubai SAR, et al.. Functional Outcome of Subvastus versus Medial Parapatellar Approaches for Total Knee Replacement in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Saudi J Med Med Sci. 2024;12(1):35-39. PMID 38362087.
- Güven MF, Özer M, Özşahin MK, Değer GU, Adaletli İ, Aykan Kargin O, et al.. Comparison of early outcomes of primary total knee arthroplasties performed using subvastus and medial parapatellar approaches and evaluation of quadriceps muscle elastography. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2024;144(11):4839-4847. PMID 39311941.
- Hosseini-Monfared P, Mirahmadi A, Amiri S, Minaie R, Ghafouri MH, Kazemi SM. Comparable long-term functional outcomes of subvastus and medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty: A 10-year follow-up study. J Exp Orthop. 2024;11(4):e70035. PMID 39380847.
- Nikodelis T, Grigoriadis S, Metaxiotis D, Mylonas V, Kellis E. Mid-vastus approach induces milder short-term effects on postural control compared to parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2024;120:106354. PMID 39326067.
- Sidhu SP, Broberg JS, Willing R, Teeter MG, Lanting BA. Lateral Subvastus Lateralis versus Medial Parapatellar Approach for Total Knee Arthroplasty: Patient Outcomes and Kinematics Analysis. J Knee Surg. 2024;37(7):523-529. PMID 37992725.
- Wang YC, Wu SH, Chen CA, Liang JM, Yang CC, Chen CH, et al.. Compare the Quadriceps Activity between Mini-Midvastus and Mini-Medial Parapatellar Approach in Total Knee Arthroplasty with Electromyography. J Clin Med. 2024;13(10):. PMID 38792280.
- C Katragadda B, Kumar S, Suresh A, Vk K. Midvastus Versus Medial Parapatellar Approach in Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2023;38(11):2301-2306. PMID 37271236.
- Stubnya BG, Kocsis K, Váncsa S, Kovács K, Agócs G, Stubnya MP, et al.. Subvastus Approach Supporting Fast-Track Total Knee Arthroplasty Over the Medial Parapatellar Approach: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2023;38(12):2750-2758. PMID 37356465.
- Yang X, Cheng QH, Yang YZ, Zhang AR, Fan H, Guo HZ. Minimally invasive medial femoral approach to total knee arthroplasty improves short-term outcomes compared to the standard medial parapatellar approach: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2023;18(1):657. PMID 37667291.
- Dubin JA, Hameed D, Bains SS, Board T, Nunley R, Mont MA. Effect of Various Ancillary Operating Room Techniques on Wound Healing Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty. Surg Technol Int. 2022;43:279-288. PMID 38109934.
- Geng L, Fu J, Xu C, Ren P, Wang YM, Ji QB, et al.. The Comparison between Mini-Subvastus Approach and Medial Parapatellar Approach in TKA: A Prospective Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Orthop Surg. 2022;14(11):2878-2887. PMID 36127866.
- Li T, Liu Y, Li C, Zhang H. SMOC approach for total knee arthroplasty in valgus knees. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022;17(1):120. PMID 35193617.
- Pawar P, Shah M, Shah N, Tiwari A, Sahu D, Bagaria V. Surgeon administered direct adductor canal block is as good as ultrasound guided adductor canal block in pain management in knee replacements- A retrospective case-control study. J Orthop. 2022;31:103-109. PMID 35514532.
- Sogbein OA, Zomar BO, Bryant DM, Howard JL, Marsh JD, Lanting BA. Effects of Surgical Approach and Tourniquet Use on Patient-Reported Outcomes Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Orthop Res Rev. 2022;14:407-417. PMID 36411862.
- Vasiliadis AV, Chatziravdeli V, Metaxiotis D, Beletsiotis A. A Prospective Randomized Comparative Study Between Midvastus and Standard Medial Parapatellar Approaches for Total Knee Replacement Regarding the Peri-Operative Factors. Cureus. 2022;14(10):e29889. PMID 36348906.
- Zhao JL, Zeng LF, Pan JK, Liang GH, Huang HT, Yang WY, et al.. Comparisons of the Efficacy and Safety of Total Knee Arthroplasty by Different Surgical Approaches: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Orthop Surg. 2022;14(3):472-485. PMID 35128816.
- Blom AW, Hunt LP, Matharu GS, Reed M, Whitehouse MR. The effect of surgical approach in total knee replacement on outcomes. An analysis of 875,166 elective operations from the National Joint Registry for England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man. Knee. 2021;31:144-157. PMID 34175672.
- Bouché PA, Corsia S, Nizard R, Resche-Rigon M. Comparative Efficacy of the Different Surgical Approaches in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic-Review and Network Meta-Analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2021;36(3):1187-1194.e1. PMID 33109416.
- Fuller RM, Wicker DI, Getman GW, Christensen KS, Christensen CP. A Medial Subvastus Approach for Lateral Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: Technique Description and Early Outcome Results. Arthroplast Today. 2021;9:129-133. PMID 34195316.
- Guler O, Gümüşsuyu G, Sofu H, Gökçen HB. Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Total Knee Arthroplasty Performed with Midvastus and Medial Parapatellar Approaches in Obese Patients. Adv Orthop. 2021;2021:5512930. PMID 34721904.
- Khan MNH, Abbas K, Faraz A, Ilyas MW, Shafique H, Jamshed MH, et al.. Total knee replacement: A comparison of the subvastus and medial parapatellar approaches. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021;68:102670. PMID 34408867.
- Lechner R, Lazzeri M, Oberaigner W, Nardelli P, Roth T, Köglberger P, et al.. Does the type of surgical approach affect the clinical outcome of total knee arthroplasty?. Orthopade. 2021;50(8):674-680. PMID 33575812.
- Sidhu SP, Somerville LE, Sidhu AS, Willing RT, Teeter MG, Lanting BA. Does surgical approach affect patient outcomes of total knee arthroplasty?. Can J Surg. 2021;64(5):E521-E526. PMID 34598930.
- Bejek Z, Holnapy G, Skaliczki G, Stubnya B, Szatmári A. [Effect of the surgical exposure on the early postoperative period after total knee arthroplasty]. Orv Hetil. 2020;161(29):1208-1214. PMID 32628620.
- Lanting BA, Legault JA, Johnson MI, MacDonald SJ, Beveridge TS. Lateral subvastus approach: A cadaveric examination of its potential for total knee arthroplasty. Knee. 2020;27(4):1271-1278. PMID 32711891.
- Lin W, Niu J, Dai Y, Yang G, Li M, Wang F. Mini-midvastus versus medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty: difference in patient-reported outcomes measured with the Forgotten Joint Score. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(1):336. PMID 32807190.
- Migliorini F, Aretini P, Driessen A, El Mansy Y, Quack V, Tingart M, et al.. Better outcomes after mini-subvastus approach for primary total knee arthroplasty: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2020;30(6):979-992. PMID 32152747.
- Mora JP, Scuderi GR. Minimally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty: Does Surgical Technique Actually Impact the Outcome?. Orthop Clin North Am. 2020;51(3):303-315. PMID 32498949.
- Onggo JR, Onggo JD, Hau R. Comparable outcomes in mini-midvastus versus mini-medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis and systematic review. ANZ J Surg. 2020;90(5):840-845. PMID 32062865.
- Sidhu SP, Moslemian A, Yamomo G, Vakili S, Kelly P, Willing RT, et al.. Lateral subvastus lateralis versus medial parapatellar approach for total knee arthroplasty: A cadaveric biomechanical study. Knee. 2020;27(6):1735-1745. PMID 33197812.
- Zora H, Güngör HR, Bayrak G, Şavkın R, Büker N. Does mini-midvastus approach have an advantageous effect on rapid recovery protocols over medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty?. Jt Dis Relat Surg. 2020;31(3):571-581. PMID 32962591.
- Antony-Leo AP, Arun-Maiya G, Mohan-Kumar M, Vijayaraghavan PV. Structured Total Knee Replacement Rehabilitation Programme and Quality of Life following Two Different Surgical Approaches - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Malays Orthop J. 2019;13(2):20-27. PMID 31467647.
- Hiranaka T, Tanaka T, Fujishiro T, Anjiki K, Nagata N, Kitazawa D, et al.. A Modified Under-Vastus Approach for Knee Arthroplasty with Anatomical Repair of Soft Tissue. Clin Orthop Surg. 2019;11(4):490-494. PMID 31788174.
- Berstock JR, Murray JR, Whitehouse MR, Blom AW, Beswick AD. Medial subvastus versus the medial parapatellar approach for total knee replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. EFORT Open Rev. 2018;3(3):78-84. PMID 29657848.
- Duan G, Liu C, Lin W, Shao J, Fu K, Niu Y, et al.. Different Factors Conduct Anterior Knee Pain Following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33(6):1962-1971.e3. PMID 29398258.
- Koçak A, Özmeriç A, Koca G, Senes M, Yumuşak N, Iltar S, et al.. Lateral parapatellar and subvastus approaches are superior to the medial parapatellar approach in terms of soft tissue perfusion. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(6):1681-1690. PMID 28835987.
- Li Z, Cheng W, Sun L, Yao Y, Cao Q, Ye S, et al.. Mini-subvastus versus medial parapatellar approach for total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized controlled study. Int Orthop. 2018;42(3):543-549. PMID 29199379.
- Picard F, Deakin A, Balasubramanian N, Gregori A. Minimally invasive total knee replacement: techniques and results. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2018;28(5):781-791. PMID 29564615.
- Sabatini L, Nicolaci G, Atzori F, Oliva A, Aprato A, Terzolo M, et al.. Biochemical stress evaluation after medial parapatellar and subvastus approach in total knee replacement. Musculoskelet Surg. 2018;102(2):185-190. PMID 29159505.
- Sartawi M, Rahman H, Kohlmann J, Leighton R, Kersh ME. A Retrospective Analysis of the Modified Intervastus Approach. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2018;47(12):. PMID 30650164.
- Schiapparelli FF, Amsler F, Hirschmann MT. The type of approach does not influence TKA component position in revision total knee arthroplasty - A clinical study using 3D-CT. Knee. 2018;25(3):473-479. PMID 29599025.
- Tzatzairis T, Fiska A, Ververidis A, Tilkeridis K, Kazakos K, Drosos GI. Minimally invasive versus conventional approaches in total knee replacement/arthroplasty: A review of the literature. J Orthop. 2018;15(2):459-466. PMID 29881177.
- Ugbeye ME, Itakpe SE, Ayodabo OJ. Subvastus versus Medial Parapatellar Approach in Primary Total Knee Replacement: An Assessment of Early Function. West Afr J Med. 2018;35(1):15-19. PMID 29607472.
- Wu Y, Zeng Y, Bao X, Xiong H, Hu Q, Li M, et al.. Comparison of mini-subvastus approach versus medial parapatellar approach in primary total knee arthroplasty. Int J Surg. 2018;57:15-21. PMID 30056128.
- Aslam MA, Sabir AB, Tiwari V, Abbas S, Tiwari A, Singh P. Approach to Total Knee Replacement: A Randomized Double Blind Study between Medial Parapatellar and Midvastus Approach in the Early Postoperative Period in Asian Population. J Knee Surg. 2017;30(8):793-797. PMID 28086244.
- Kurowicki J, Khlopas A, Sultan AA, Sodhi N, Samuel LT, Chughtai M, et al.. Improvement in hamstring and quadriceps muscle strength following cruciate-retaining single radius total knee arthroplasty. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(Suppl 3):S27. PMID 29299474.
- Shukla R, Mahajan P, Singh M, Jain RK, Kumar R. Outcome of Total Knee Replacement via Two Approaches in Indian Scenario. J Knee Surg. 2017;30(2):174-178. PMID 27213285.
- Unwin O, Hassaballa M, Murray J, Harries W, Porteous A. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for total knee replacement; medium term results with minimum five year follow-up. Knee. 2017;24(2):454-459. PMID 28189404.
- Feczko P, Engelmann L, Arts JJ, Campbell D. Computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty using mini midvastus or medial parapatellar approach technique: A prospective, randomized, international multicentre trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:19. PMID 26762175.
- Koh IJ, Kim MW, Kim MS, Jang SW, Park DC, In Y. The Patient's Perception Does Not Differ Following Subvastus and Medial Parapatellar Approaches in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Simultaneous Bilateral Randomized Study. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31(1):112-7. PMID 26350260.
- Langen S, Gaber S, Zdravkovic V, Giesinger K, Jost B, Behrend H. Lateral subvastus approach with tibial tubercle osteotomy for primary total knee arthroplasty: clinical outcome and complications compared to medial parapatellar approach. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2016;26(2):215-22. PMID 26567166.
- Layher F, Zipfel M, Sander K, Matziolis G, Roth A. [Functional Comparison of the Outcome after Midvastus and Medial Parapatellar Surgical Approach in Total Knee Arthroplasty]. Z Orthop Unfall. 2016;154(1):50-7. PMID 26587881.
- Vaishya R, Vijay V, Demesugh DM, Agarwal AK. Surgical approaches for total knee arthroplasty. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2016;7(2):71-9. PMID 27182142.
- Liu H, Mei X, Zhang Z, Sun J. Mini-midvastus versus mini-medial parapatellar approach in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty with 24-month follow-up. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2015;49(6):586-92. PMID 26511683.
- Tria AJ, Scuderi GR. Minimally invasive knee arthroplasty: An overview. World J Orthop. 2015;6(10):804-11. PMID 26601062.
- Aydogdu S, Zileli B, Cullu E, Atamaz FC, Sur H, Zileli M. Increased turn/amplitude parameters following subvastus approach in total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(7):1632-7. PMID 23274269.
- Cho KY, Kim KI, Umrani S, Kim SH. Better quadriceps recovery after minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(8):1759-64. PMID 23760038.
- Heekin RD, Fokin AA. Mini-midvastus versus mini-medial parapatellar approach for minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: outcomes pendulum is at equilibrium. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(2):339-42. PMID 23790343.
- Li T, Zhuang Q, Xiao K, Zhou L, Weng X. Comparison of the clinical and radiological outcomes following midvastus and medial parapatellar approaches for total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(16):2982-90. PMID 25131239.
- Liu HW, Gu WD, Xu NW, Sun JY. Surgical approaches in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis comparing the midvastus and subvastus to the medial peripatellar approach. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(12):2298-304. PMID 24295800.
- Nutton RW, Wade FA, Coutts FJ, van der Linden ML. Short Term Recovery of Function following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomised Study of the Medial Parapatellar and Midvastus Approaches. Arthritis. 2014;2014:173857. PMID 25349736.
- Tomek IM, Kantor SR, Cori LA, Scoville JM, Grove MR, Morgan TS, et al.. Early Patient Outcomes After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty with Quadriceps-Sparing Subvastus and Medial Parapatellar Techniques: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96(11):907-915. PMID 24897738.
- Avci CC, Gülabi D, Erdem M, Kurnaz R, Güneş T, Bostan B. Minimal invasive midvastus versus standard parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2013;47(1):1-7. PMID 23549310.
- Costa CR, Johnson AJ, Harwin SF, Mont MA, Bonutti PM. Critical review of minimally invasive approaches in knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg. 2013;26(1):41-50. PMID 23288772.
- Hu X, Wang G, Pei F, Shen B, Yang J, Zhou Z, et al.. A meta-analysis of the sub-vastus approach and medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(10):2398-404. PMID 22684429.
- Jain S, Wasnik S, Mittal A, Hegde C. Outcome of subvastus approach in elderly nonobese patients undergoing bilateral simultaneous total knee arthroplasty: A randomized controlled study. Indian J Orthop. 2013;47(1):45-9. PMID 23532447.
- Jarvis SL, Onstot BR, Bhowmik-Stoker M, Jacofsky MC, Jacofsky DJ. Differences between midvastus and subvastus TKA surgical approaches in the tasks of sitting and standing. J Knee Surg. 2013;26(5):333-41. PMID 23408342.
- Pongcharoen B, Yakampor T, Charoencholvanish K. Patellar tracking and anterior knee pain are similar after medial parapatellar and midvastus approaches in minimally invasive TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(5):1654-60. PMID 23361929.
- Satterly T, Neeley R, Johnson-Wo AK, Bhowmik-Stoker M, Shrader MW, Jacofsky MC, et al.. Role of total knee arthroplasty approaches in gait recovery through 6 months. J Knee Surg. 2013;26(4):257-62. PMID 23283632.
- Thienpont E. Faster quadriceps recovery with the far medial subvastus approach in minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(10):2370-4. PMID 23007414.
- Wegrzyn J, Parratte S, Coleman-Wood K, Kaufman KR, Pagnano MW. The John Insall award: no benefit of minimally invasive TKA on gait and strength outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(1):46-55. PMID 22806264.
- Zhang Z, Zhu W, Gu B, Zhu L, Chen C. Mini-midvastus versus mini-medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2013;133(3):389-95. PMID 23229457.
- Alcelik I, Sukeik M, Pollock R, Misra A, Naguib A, Haddad FS. Comparing the mid-vastus and medial parapatellar approaches in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of short term outcomes. Knee. 2012;19(4):229-36. PMID 21862334.
- Benazzo F, Rossi SM. The trivector approach for minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: a technical note. J Orthop Traumatol. 2012;13(3):159-62. PMID 22527151.
- Bourke MG, Jull GA, Buttrum PJ, Fitzpatrick PL, Dalton PA, Russell TG. Comparing outcomes of medial parapatellar and subvastus approaches in total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27(3):347-353.e1. PMID 21831580.
- Bourke MG, Sclavos EK, Jull GA, Buttrum PJ, Dalton PA, Russell TG. A comparison of patellar vascularity between the medial parapatellar and subvastus approaches in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27(6):1123-7.e1. PMID 22440226.
- Guy SP, Farndon MA, Conroy JL, Bennett C, Grainger AJ, London NJ. A prospective randomised study of minimally invasive midvastus total knee arthroplasty compared with standard total knee arthroplasty. Knee. 2012;19(6):866-71. PMID 22608852.
- Huang Z, Shen B, Ma J, Yang J, Zhou Z, Kang P, et al.. Mini-midvastus versus medial parapatellar approach in TKA: muscle damage and inflammation markers. Orthopedics. 2012;35(7):e1038-45. PMID 22784897.
- Masjudin T, Kamari Zh. A comparison between subvastus and midvastus approaches for staged bilateral total knee arthroplasty:a prospective, randomised study. Malays Orthop J. 2012;6(3):31-6. PMID 25279053.
- Niki Y, Takeda Y, Kanagawa H, Iwamoto W, Matsumoto H, Enomoto H, et al.. Effects of four different surgical approaches on intra-operative joint gap in posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20(10):2026-31. PMID 22159521.
- Teng Y, Du W, Jiang J, Gao X, Pan S, Wang J, et al.. Subvastus versus medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty: meta-analysis. Orthopedics. 2012;35(12):e1722-31. PMID 23218628.
- Butt U, Ahmad R, Aspros D, Bannister GC. Factors affecting wound ooze in total knee replacement. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2011;93(1):54-6. PMID 20836920.
- Dutka J, Skowronek M, Sosin P, Skowronek P. Subvastus and medial parapatellar approaches in TKA: comparison of functional results. Orthopedics. 2011;34(6):148. PMID 21667899.
- Lee DH, Choi J, Nha KW, Kim HJ, Han SB. No difference in early functional outcomes for mini-midvastus and limited medial parapatellar approaches in navigation-assisted total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(1):66-73. PMID 20390249.
- Li XG, Tang TS, Qian ZL, Huang LX, Pan WM, Zhu RF. Retraction. Comparison of the mini-midvastus with the mini-medial parapatellar approach in primary TKA. Orthopedics. 2011;34(2):81. PMID 21323223.
- Liu Z, Yang H. Comparison of the minimally invasive and standard medial parapatellar approaches for total knee arthroplasty: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Med Res. 2011;39(5):1607-17. PMID 22117961.
- Varnell MS, Bhowmik-Stoker M, McCamley J, Jacofsky MC, Campbell M, Jacofsky D. Difference in stair negotiation ability based on TKA surgical approach. J Knee Surg. 2011;24(2):117-23. PMID 21874947.
- Yoshino N, Watanabe N, Fukuda Y, Watanabe Y, Takai S. The influence of patellar dislocation on the femoro-tibial loading during total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(11):1817-22. PMID 21964495.
- Bonutti PM, Zywiel MG, McGrath MS, Mont MA. Surgical techniques for minimally invasive exposures for total knee arthroplasty. Instr Course Lect. 2010;59:83-91. PMID 20415371.
- Bonutti PM, Zywiel MG, Ulrich SD, Stroh DA, Seyler TM, Mont MA. A comparison of subvastus and midvastus approaches in minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(3):575-82. PMID 20194315.
- Bourke MG, Buttrum PJ, Fitzpatrick PL, Dalton PA, Jull GA, Russell TG. Systematic review of medial parapatellar and subvastus approaches in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25(5):728-34. PMID 19689932.
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- Li XG, Tang TS, Qian ZL, Huang LX, Pan WM, Zhu RF. Comparison of the mini-midvastus with the mini-medial parapatellar approach in primary TKA. Orthopedics. 2010;33(10):723. PMID 20954671.
- Nestor BJ, Toulson CE, Backus SI, Lyman SL, Foote KL, Windsor RE. Mini-midvastus vs standard medial parapatellar approach: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study in patients undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25(6 Suppl):5-11, 11.e1. PMID 20541889.
- Schroer WC, Diesfeld PJ, Reedy ME, LeMarr AR. Isokinetic strength testing of minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty recovery. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25(2):274-9. PMID 19062250.
- Bridgman SA, Walley G, MacKenzie G, Clement D, Griffiths D, Maffulli N. Sub-vastus approach is more effective than a medial parapatellar approach in primary total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Knee. 2009;16(3):216-22. PMID 19135375.
- In Y, Kong CG, Sur YJ, Choi SS. TKA using the subvastus approach and lateral retinacular release in patients with permanent post-traumatic patellar dislocation: a report of two cases. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(3):254-9. PMID 19039576.
- Jung YB, Lee YS, Lee EY, Jung HJ, Nam CH. Comparison of the modified subvastus and medial parapatellar approaches in total knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2009;33(2):419-23. PMID 18196241.
- Juosponis R, Tarasevicius S, Smailys A, Kalesinskas RJ. Functional and radiological outcome after total knee replacement performed with mini-midvastus or conventional arthrotomy: controlled randomised trial. Int Orthop. 2009;33(5):1233-7. PMID 18654774.
- Mukherjee P, Press J, Hockings M. Mid-vastus vs medial para-patellar approach in total knee replacement--time to discharge. Iowa Orthop J. 2009;29:19-22. PMID 19742080.
- Niki Y, Mochizuki T, Momohara S, Saito S, Toyama Y, Matsumoto H. Is minimally invasive surgery in total knee arthroplasty really minimally invasive surgery?. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24(4):499-504. PMID 18757170.
- Schroer WC, Diesfeld PJ, Reedy ME, LeMarr A. Association of increased knee flexion and patella clunk syndrome after mini-subvastus total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24(2):281-7. PMID 18534476.
- Flören M, Reichel H, Davis J, Laskin RS. The mini-incision mid-vastus approach for total knee arthroplasty. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2008;20(6):534-43. PMID 19137400.
- Schroer WC, Diesfeld PJ, Reedy ME, Lemarr AR. Surgical accuracy with the mini-subvastus total knee arthroplasty a computer tomography scan analysis of postoperative implant alignment. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23(4):543-9. PMID 18514872.
- Berth A, Urbach D, Neumann W, Awiszus F. Strength and voluntary activation of quadriceps femoris muscle in total knee arthroplasty with midvastus and subvastus approaches. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22(1):83-8. PMID 17197313.
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- Halder AM, Neumann W. [Minimal invasive total knee replacement in tibia first technique]. Orthopade. 2007;36(12):1129-34. PMID 18004542.
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- Seyler TM, Bonutti PM, Ulrich SD, Fatscher T, Marker DR, Mont MA. Minimally invasive lateral approach to total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22(7 Suppl 3):21-6. PMID 17919588.
- Tria AJ. Minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: past, present, and future. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2007;36(9 Suppl):6-7. PMID 17948160.
- Başarir K, Erdemli B, Tuccar E, Esmer AF. Safe zone for the descending genicular artery in the midvastus approach to the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;451:96-100. PMID 16691145.
- Bridgman S, Walley G, MacKenzie G, Clement D, Griffiths D, Maffulli N. Sub-vastus approach versus the medial parapatellar approach in primary total knee: a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN44544446]. Trials. 2006;7:23. PMID 16879744.
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- Weinrauch P, Myers N, Wilkinson M, Dodsworth J, Fitzpatrick P, Whitehouse S. Comparison of early postoperative rehabilitation outcome following total knee arthroplasty using different surgical approaches and instrumentation. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2006;14(1):47-52. PMID 16598087.
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- Keblish PA. Alternate surgical approaches in mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2002;25(2 Suppl):s257-64. PMID 11866163.
- Kelly MA. Patellofemoral complications following total knee arthroplasty. Instr Course Lect. 2001;50:403-7. PMID 11372340.
- Roysam GS, Oakley MJ. Subvastus approach for total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, and observer-blinded trial. J Arthroplasty. 2001;16(4):454-7. PMID 11402407.
- Lonner JH, Siliski JM, Lotke PA. Simultaneous femoral osteotomy and total knee arthroplasty for treatment of osteoarthritis associated with severe extra-articular deformity. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(3):342-8. PMID 10724226.
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- Ogata K, Ishinishi T, Hara M. Evaluation of patellar retinacular tension during total knee arthroplasty. Special emphasis on lateral retinacular release. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12(6):651-6. PMID 9306216.
- Engh GA, Parks NL, Ammeen DJ. Influence of surgical approach on lateral retinacular releases in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;(331):56-63. PMID 8895619.
2. Subvastus approach
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- Bhattacharjee SK, Kumar M, Deka N. Evolving techniques in active robotic arm-assisted total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective study of pin placement strategies. J Robot Surg. 2025;19(1):522. PMID 40875157.
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- Jones DG, Grilliot JM. Demonstration of the Medial Subvastus Knee Exposure for MACI Implantation. Video J Sports Med. 2023;3(4):26350254231173700. PMID 40308677.
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- Sakamoto A, Okamoto T, Matsuda S. Subvastus approach for resection of subvastus osteochondroma in the distal femur. Asian J Surg. 2019;42(8):842-843. PMID 31036474.
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- Eachempati KK, Gurava Reddy AV, Apsingi S, Sankineani SR, Shaheed J, Dannana C. A comparative analysis of the role of Tranexamic acid as an independent variable in reducing intraoperative blood loss in patients undergoing conventional total knee arthroplasty versus computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty. Musculoskelet Surg. 2017;101(3):255-259. PMID 28470576.
- Ferreira MC, Franciozi CES, Kubota MS, Priore RD, Ingham SJM, Abdalla RJ. Is the Use of Spreaders an Accurate Method for Ligament Balancing?. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32(7):2262-2267. PMID 28283428.
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- Junqueira JJ, Helito CP, Bonadio MB, Pécora JR, Demange MK. Total knee arthroplasty with subvastus approach in patient with chronic post-traumatic patellar dislocation. Rev Bras Ortop. 2016;51(5):614-618. PMID 27818987.
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- Vansadia DV, Heltsley JR, Montgomery S, Suri M, Jones DG. Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Femoral Trochlear Dysplasia. Ochsner J. 2016;16(4):475-480. PMID 27999505.
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- Lin TC, Wang HK, Chen JW, Chiu CM, Chou HL, Chang CH. Minimally invasive knee arthroplasty with the subvastus approach allows rapid rehabilitation: a prospective, biomechanical and observational study. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013;25(5):557-62. PMID 24259801.
- Vaishya R, Singh AP, Vaish A. Outcome of subvastus approach in elderly nonobese patients undergoing bilateral simultaneous total knee arthroplasty: A randomized controlled study. Indian J Orthop. 2013;47(4):430-1. PMID 23960295.
- Visser J, Brinkman JM, Bleys RL, Castelein RM, van Heerwaarden RJ. The safety and feasibility of a less invasive distal femur closing wedge osteotomy technique: a cadaveric dissection study of the medial aspect of the distal femur. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(1):220-7. PMID 22814887.
- Zhou ZY, Chen HL. Evidence is not sufficient for selecting the subvastus approach in total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2013;36(3):173-4. PMID 23464932.
- Kong CG, Cho HM, Suhl KH, Kim MU, In Y. Patellar tracking after total knee arthroplasty performed without lateral release. Knee. 2012;19(5):692-5. PMID 22004835.
- Maffulli GD, Bridgman S, Maffulli N. Early functional outcome after subvastus or parapatellar approach in knee arthroplasty is comparable. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20(9):1883-4; author reply 1885-6. PMID 22143426.
- Bali K, Mootha AK, Prabhakar S, Dhillon MS. Isolated Hoffa fracture of the medial femoral condyle in a skeletally immature patient. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2011;69(4):335-8. PMID 22196392.
- In Y, Sur YJ, Won HY, Moon YS. Recurrent dissociation of the tibial insert after mini-subvastus posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty: a case report. Knee. 2011;18(6):461-3. PMID 20833051.
- Maffulli G, Bridgman S, Maffulli N. Total knee arthoplasty: better short-term results after subvastus approach. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(6):1047; author reply 1048. PMID 21153543.
- Niki Y, Matsumoto H, Hakozaki A, Kanagawa H, Toyama Y, Suda Y. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty through a lateral approach. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(6):973-9. PMID 21085929.
- Rossi R, Maiello A, Bruzzone M, Bonasia DE, Blonna D, Castoldi F. Muscle damage during minimally invasive surgical total knee arthroplasty traditional versus optimized subvastus approach. Knee. 2011;18(4):254-8. PMID 20650638.
- Sternheim A, Garbedian S, Backstein D. Distal femoral varus osteotomy: unloading the lateral compartment: long-term follow-up of 45 medial closing wedge osteotomies. Orthopedics. 2011;34(9):e488-90. PMID 21902140.
- van Hemert WL, Senden R, Grimm B, van der Linde MJ, Lataster A, Heyligers IC. Early functional outcome after subvastus or parapatellar approach in knee arthroplasty is comparable. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(6):943-51. PMID 20953864.
- De Keyser W, Beckers L. Influence of patellar subluxation on ligament balancing in total knee arthroplasty through a subvastus approach. An in vivo study. Acta Orthop Belg. 2010;76(6):799-805. PMID 21302579.
- Delaunay C, Blatter G, Canciani JP, Jones DL, Laffargue P, Neumann HW, et al.. Survival analysis of an asymmetric primary total knee replacement: a European multicenter prospective study. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96(7):769-76. PMID 20933486.
- Freiling D, van Heerwaarden R, Staubli A, Lobenhoffer P. [The medial closed-wedge osteotomy of the distal femur for the treatment of unicompartmental lateral osteoarthritis of the knee]. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2010;22(3):317-34. PMID 20676825.
- Pan WM, Li XG, Tang TS, Qian ZL, Zhang Q, Zhang CM. Mini-subvastus versus a standard approach in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. J Int Med Res. 2010;38(3):890-900. PMID 20819425.
- Shah N, Nilesh G, Patel N. Mini-subvastus approach for total knee arthroplasty in obese patients. Indian J Orthop. 2010;44(3):292-9. PMID 20697483.
- Varela-Egocheaga JR, Suárez-Suárez MA, Fernández-Villán M, González-Sastre V, Varela-Gómez JR, Rodríguez-Merchán C. Minimally invasive subvastus approach: improving the results of total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(5):1200-8. PMID 19911245.
- Viskontas DG, Nork SE, Barei DP, Dunbar R. Technique of reduction and fixation of unicondylar medial Hoffa fracture. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2010;39(9):424-8. PMID 21290019.
- Halder A, Beier A, Neumann W. [Mini-subvastus approach for total knee replacement]. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2009;21(1):14-24. PMID 19326064.
- In Y, Kim SJ, Kim JM, Woo YK, Choi NY, Kang JW. Agreements between different methods of gap balance estimation in cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(1):60-4. PMID 18974975.
- Martin A, Sheinkop MB, Langhenry MM, Oelsch C, Widemschek M, von Strempel A. Accuracy of side-cutting implantation instruments for total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(4):374-81. PMID 19132345.
- Muangsiri S, Ruxasagulwong S, Kongthawornskul J, Larbpaiboonpong V, Turajane T. Clinical outcomes of minisubvastus approach for minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009;92 Suppl 6:S75-9. PMID 20120668.
- Omidi-Kashani F, Hasankhani IG, Mazlumi M, Ebrahimzadeh MH. Varus distal femoral osteotomy in young adults with valgus knee. J Orthop Surg Res. 2009;4:15. PMID 19435527.
- Sastre S, Sanchez MD, Lozano L, Orient F, Fontg F, Nuñez M. Total knee arthroplasty: better short-term results after subvastus approach: a randomized, controlled study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(10):1184-8. PMID 19381612.
- Turajane T, Larbpaiboonpong V, Kongtharvonskul J, Maungsiri S. Results of computer assisted mini-incision subvastus approach for total knee arthroplasty. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009;92 Suppl 6:S51-8. PMID 20120665.
- Schroer WC, Diesfeld PJ, Reedy ME, LeMarr AR. Mini-subvastus approach for total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23(1):19-25. PMID 18165023.
- In Y, Kim JM, Choi NY, Kim SJ. Large thigh girth is a relative contraindication for the subvastus approach in primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22(4):569-73. PMID 17562415.
- Roberts VI, Mereddy PK, Donnachie NJ, Hakkalamani S. Anatomical variations in vastus medialis obliquus and its implications in minimally-invasive total knee replacement. An MRI study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89(11):1462-5. PMID 17998182.
- Schroer WC, Diesfeld PJ, Reedy ME, LeMarr AR. Evaluation of complications associated with six hundred mini-subvastus total knee arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89 Suppl 3:76-81. PMID 17908873.
- Aglietti P, Baldini A, Sensi L. Quadriceps-sparing versus mini-subvastus approach in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;452:106-11. PMID 16957651.
- Hart R, Janecek M, Cizmár I, Stipcák V, Kucera B, Filan P. [Minimally invasive and navigated implantation for total knee arthroplasty: X-ray analysis and early clinical results]. Orthopade. 2006;35(5):552-7. PMID 16552520.
- Pagnano MW, Meneghini RM. Minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty with an optimized subvastus approach. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21(4 Suppl 1):22-6. PMID 16781423.
- Sink EL, Hedequist D, Morgan SJ, Hresko T. Results and technique of unstable pediatric femoral fractures treated with submuscular bridge plating. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(2):177-81. PMID 16557130.
- Sporer SM. The minimally invasive subvastus approach for primary total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg. 2006;19(1):58-62. PMID 16468497.
- Zanasi S. Minimally invasive computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty through a subvastus approach. Orthopedics. 2006;29(10 Suppl):S142-4. PMID 17407942.
- Cushner FD. The subvastus approach to the knee. J Knee Surg. 2003;16(1):52-4. PMID 12568268.
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- Hanssen AD. The subvastus approach for total knee arthroplasty resulted in better short-term outcomes than did the parapatellar approach. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84(2):325. PMID 11861749.
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- Bindelglass DF, Vince KG. Patellar tilt and subluxation following subvastus and parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty. Implication for surgical technique. J Arthroplasty. 1996;11(5):507-11. PMID 8872567.
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- Hofmann AA, Plaster RL, Murdock LE. Subvastus (Southern) approach for primary total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991;(269):70-7. PMID 1864059.
3. Midvastus approach
- Poon KB, Chou JZX, Ow ZGW, Lim JW, Siow WM. The Low Mini-Midvastus Approach for Minimally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty. Arthroplast Today. 2025;33:101686. PMID 40309493.
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- Vaidya N, Jain A, Kulkarni N, Kale S. Long-term study of functional outcomes of robotic assisted medial UKA using mid-vastus approach in a high-volume centre. J Robot Surg. 2023;17(4):1599-1607. PMID 36928748.
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- Cheng YC, Wu PK, Chen CF, Chen CM, Tsai SW, Chang MC, et al.. Analysis of learning curve of minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: A single surgeon's experience with 4017 cases over a 9-year period. J Chin Med Assoc. 2019;82(7):576-583. PMID 31021883.
- Yoo JH, Oh HC, Park SH, Kim JK, Kim SH. Does Obesity Affect Clinical and Radiological Outcomes in Minimally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty? Minimum 5-Year Follow-up of Minimally Invasive TKA in Obese Patients. Clin Orthop Surg. 2018;10(3):315-321. PMID 30174807.
- Carli AV, Spiro S, Barlow BT, Haas SB. Using a non-invasive secure skin closure following total knee arthroplasty leads to fewer wound complications and no patient home care visits compared to surgical staples. Knee. 2017;24(5):1221-1226. PMID 28797879.
- Wu Y, Yang T, Zeng Y, Li C, Shen B, Pei F. Clamping drainage is unnecessary after minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty in patients with tranexamic acid: A randomized, controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(7):e5804. PMID 28207503.
- Verburg H, Mathijssen NM, Niesten DD, Verhaar JA, Pilot P. Comparison of Mini-Midvastus and Conventional Total Knee Arthroplasty with Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial with 5-Year Follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98(12):1014-22. PMID 27307362.
- Liebensteiner MC, Thaler M, Giesinger JM, Fischler S, Coraça-Huber DC, Krismer M, et al.. Mini-midvastus total knee arthroplasty does not result in superior gait pattern. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(6):1699-705. PMID 24993567.
- Liu HC, Kuo FC, Huang CC, Wang JW. Mini-midvastus total knee arthroplasty in patients with severe varus deformity. Orthopedics. 2015;38(2):e112-7. PMID 25665115.
- Zhang Y, Ye LY, Liu HX, Wen H. Quadriceps tendon pie-crusting release of stiff knees in total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Sci. 2015;20(4):669-74. PMID 25963610.
- Xu SZ, Lin XJ, Tong X, Wang XW. Minimally invasive midvastus versus standard parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e95311. PMID 24845859.
- Pietsch M, Djahani O, Zweiger Ch, Plattner F, Radl R, Tschauner Ch, et al.. Custom-fit minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: effect on blood loss and early clinical outcomes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(10):2234-40. PMID 23114870.
- Umrani SP, Cho KY, Kim KI. Patellar eversion does not adversely affect quadriceps recovery following total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28(4):591-4. PMID 23153598.
- Ast MP, DiMaio FR. Effects of a less-invasive surgical technique on cement mantle quality in total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2012;35(9):e1329-33. PMID 22955397.
- Chou PH, Chen WM, Chen CF, Chiang CC, Liu CL, Chen TH. Clinical comparison of valgus and varus deformities in primary total knee arthroplasty following midvastus approach. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27(4):604-12. PMID 21890315.
- Christen B, Neukamp M, Aghayev E. No difference in anterior tibial translation with and without posterior cruciate ligament in less invasive total knee replacement. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20(3):503-9. PMID 21630048.
- Dabboussi N, Sakr M, Girard J, Fakih R. Minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: a comparative study to the standard approach. N Am J Med Sci. 2012;4(2):81-5. PMID 22408753.
- Maniar RN, Singhi T, Rathi SS, Baviskar JV, Nayak RM. Surgical technique: Lateral retinaculum release in knee arthroplasty using a stepwise, outside-in technique. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(10):2854-63. PMID 22707069.
- Siramanakul C, Sriphirom P. Comparison of clinical and radiographic outcomes between minimally invasive lateral approach and mini-midvastus approach in total knee arthroplasty. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95 Suppl 10:S53-7. PMID 23451439.
- Ertürk C, Altay MA, Sipahioğlu S, Zehir S, Aşkar H. Early results of total knee arthroplasty performed through the midvastus approach. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2010;44(1):36-41. PMID 20513989.
- Martin A, Sheinkop MB, Langhenry MM, Widemschek M, Benesch T, von Strempel A. Comparison of two minimally invasive implantation instrument-sets for total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18(3):359-66. PMID 19847404.
- Rechcińska-Roślak B, Gołebiowska J, Sibiński M, Synder M. Influence of surgical approach on the rehabilitation of patients after total knee arthroplasty. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2010;12(2):136-43. PMID 20453252.
- Hube R, Keim M, Mayr HO. [The mini-midvastus approach for total knee arthroplasty]. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2009;21(1):3-13. PMID 19326063.
- Karpman RR, Smith HL. Comparison of the early results of minimally invasive vs standard approaches to total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized study. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24(5):681-8. PMID 18538536.
- Srivastav AK, Nadkarni B, Srivastav S, Mittal V, Agarwal S. Prophylactic use of antibiotic-loaded bone cement in primary total knee arthroplasty: Justified or not?. Indian J Orthop. 2009;43(3):259-63. PMID 19838348.
- Thiengwittayaporn S, Paradeerujira S, Tanavalee A. Anatomical landmark of descending genicular artery for minimidvastus approach of the knee. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009;92 Suppl 6:S59-62. PMID 20120666.
- Watanabe T, Muneta T, Ishizuki M. Is a minimally invasive approach superior to a conventional approach for total knee arthroplasty? Early outcome and 2- to 4-year follow-up. J Orthop Sci. 2009;14(5):589-95. PMID 19802671.
- Wohlrab D, Zeh A, Mendel T, Hein W. [Quadsparing approach in total knee arthroplasty]. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2009;21(1):25-34. PMID 19326065.
- Zeh A, Davis J, Laskin R, Klima S, Wohlrab D. Early results with the Genesis II Posterior Stabilized High Flexion knee prosthesis. A one year follow-up study. Acta Orthop Belg. 2009;75(6):792-800. PMID 20166362.
- Dai XS, Yu XZ, Wu LD, He RX, Wang XH, Yan SG. Use of mid-vastus approach in less invasive primary total knee arthroplasty. Chin Med J (Engl). 2008;121(9):787-90. PMID 18701041.
- Dalury DF, Snow RG, Adams MJ. Electromyographic evaluation of the midvastus approach. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23(1):136-40. PMID 18165043.
- Karachalios T, Giotikas D, Roidis N, Poultsides L, Bargiotas K, Malizos KN. Total knee replacement performed with either a mini-midvastus or a standard approach: a prospective randomised clinical and radiological trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90(5):584-91. PMID 18450623.
- Wohlrab D, Gutteck N, Hildebrand M, Zeh A, Hein W. [Influence of the surgical approach on postoperative rehabilitation after TKA]. Z Orthop Unfall. 2008;146(2):200-5. PMID 18404583.
- Chin PL, Foo LS, Yang KY, Yeo SJ, Lo NN. Randomized controlled trial comparing the radiologic outcomes of conventional and minimally invasive techniques for total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22(6):800-6. PMID 17826268.
- Laskin RS. Surgical exposure for total knee arthroplasty: for everything there is a season. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22(4 Suppl 1):12-4. PMID 17570270.
- Pietsch M, Djahani O, Hofmann S. [Minimally invasive mini-midvastus approach as standard in total knee arthroplasty]. Orthopade. 2007;36(12):1120-8. PMID 17992505.
- Tamurian RM, Urquhart AG. Intramuscular hematoma following a midvastus approach during primary total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2007;30(8):668-9. PMID 17727026.
- Walter F, Haynes MB, Markel DC. A randomized prospective study evaluating the effect of patellar eversion on the early functional outcomes in primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22(4):509-14. PMID 17562406.
- Eum DS, Lee HK, Hwang SY, Park JU. Blood loss after navigation-assisted minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2006;29(10 Suppl):S152-4. PMID 17407945.
- Goldstein WM, Gordon AC, Branson JJ. Optimizing range of motion in cruciate-retaining mobile-bearing tka: experience with 2000 cases. Orthopedics. 2006;29(9 Suppl):S71-5. PMID 17002155.
- Haas SB, Manitta MA, Burdick P. Minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: the mini midvastus approach. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;452:112-6. PMID 16967036.
- Laskin RS. Reduced-incision total knee replacement through a mini-midvastus technique. J Knee Surg. 2006;19(1):52-7. PMID 16468496.
- Laskin RS. Mini-incision: occasionally desirable, rarely necessary in opposition. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21(4 Suppl 1):19-21. PMID 16781422.
- Ohnsorge JA, Laskin RS. [Special surgical technique of minimally invasive total knee replacement]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 2006;144(1):91-6. PMID 16498567.
- Laskin RS. Minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: the results justify its use. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;440:54-9. PMID 16239784.
- Wohlrab D, Ditl J, Herrschelmann R, Schietsch U, Hein W, Hube R. [Does the NexGen LPS flex mobile knee prosthesis offer advantages compared to the NexGen LPS?--a comparison of clinical and radiological results]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 2005;143(5):567-72. PMID 16224678.
- Haas SB, Cook S, Beksac B. Minimally invasive total knee replacement through a mini midvastus approach: a comparative study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(428):68-73. PMID 15534521.
- Reid JB, Guttmann D, Ayala M, Lubowitz JH. Minimally invasive surgery-total knee arthroplasty. Arthroscopy. 2004;20(8):884-9. PMID 15483555.
- Engh GA, Ammeen DJ. The midvastus approach to the knee. J Knee Surg. 2003;16(1):48-51. PMID 12568267.
- Dalury DF, Jiranek WA. A comparison of the midvastus and paramedian approaches for total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14(1):33-7. PMID 9926950.
- Keating EM, Faris PM, Meding JB, Ritter MA. Comparison of the midvastus muscle-splitting approach with the median parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14(1):29-32. PMID 9926949.
4. Medial parapatellar approach
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- Asoglu MM, Unal M, Kartal EM, Aktan C, May H, Guler F. Effect of medial parapatellar versus modified V-Y quadricepsplasty approach on knee function and quadriceps strength in revision knee arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2026;146(1):58. PMID 41665744.
- Bagaria V, Nadange S, Tiwari A. A case series of robotic TKA in stiff knees using the imageless CORI system: technical strategies and early functional results. Musculoskelet Surg. 2026;110(2):219-226. PMID 41171591.
- Crossnoe RC, Trivedi VM, DeShazo SJ, Crossnoe RL. Wheelchair to Walking: Quadruple Arthroplasty of Hip and Knee Joints in a Patient with Severe Ankylosing Spondylitis. J Orthop Case Rep. 2026;16(5):227-232. PMID 42131046.
- Curran CC, Davis ME. Early Open Repair of a Multiligamentous Knee Injury. J Orthop Trauma. 2026;40(8S):S13-S14. PMID 42466777.
- Gupta J, Kulkarni R, Joshi GR, Soni M. A Case of In Situ Fixation of Large Lateral Condyle Femur Osteochondral Defect Secondary to Trauma in a Young Male - A Case Report. J Orthop Case Rep. 2026;16(7):98-102. PMID 42428429.
- Jaramillo Quiceno GA, Sarmiento Riveros PA, Arias Perez RD, Avendaño Arango VA, Alzate Arbeláez JP, Murillo Restrepo C. Articular Cartilage Restoration in the Patella: Greater Precision With Arthroscope-Assisted Grafts. Video J Sports Med. 2026;6(2):26350254251404944. PMID 41978778.
PubMed · DOI · PMC · Open-access link
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- Kale A, Sharma P, Goli S. Complex Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty for Severe Bilateral Genu Varum with Fixed Flexion Deformity: Mechanical Axis Restoration, Soft-tissue Balancing, and Functional Recovery. Ann Afr Med. 2026. PMID 42533739.
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- Leggieri F, Braconi L, Chirico M, Salari P, Baldini A. Lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty through a medial parapatellar approach: surgical technique and mid-term results in 108 patients. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2026;146(1):. PMID 41912915.
- Mahmoud Abdelmonem I, Saeed Younis A, Mostafa Abdeldayem S, Amal Amin A. A modified lateral skin incision reduces wound complications and hospital stay in morbidly obese patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: a propensity-matched cohort study. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2026;36(1):. PMID 42635811.
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5. Related: quadriceps-sparing, trivector, and VMO-sparing variants
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6. Related: parapatellar arthrotomy, side not specified in title/abstract
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