Deep MCL insertion at the mid-coronal plane.
For surgeons
Anatomic
Landmarks
Guide Resurfacing.
Femoral bone landmarks and tibial soft-tissue landmarks guide correct bony cuts.
Trochlear cartilage · Anatomic Tibial LineDrag to change view
Native kinematics · 0–120°
How the Native Knee Flexes
Medial side stays. Lateral side rolls back.
From 0° to 120°, this medial-pivot teaching model keeps the medial femoral condyle nearly stationary on the tibia. The lateral condyle translates posteriorly about 20 mm, coupled with about 20° of tibial internal rotation around a medial axis.
Iwaki, Pinskerova and Freeman mapped this pattern in unloaded cadaver MRI. Living-knee MRI studies by Hill and Johal found broadly similar asymmetric motion under unloaded and loaded conditions; loading can bring rotation forward in the flexion arc. Fluoroscopy studies, including Komistek, also show that individual knees and activities vary.
ANATOMIC RESURFACING HOW THE NATIVE KNEE FLEXES
Native knee: medial stability, lateral rollback.
Right knee · Full extension
Preparing the 3D knee…
Medial condyle
Medial plateau · concaveLateral condyle
Lateral plateau · flat / slightly convex
Fibula marks the lateral side
Medial plateau · concaveLateral condyle
Lateral plateau · flat / slightly convex
Fibula marks the lateral side
FIBULA · LATERAL
FLEXION0°
MEDIAL AP · POSTERIOR0.0 mm
LATERAL AP · POSTERIOR0.0 mm
TIBIAL INTERNAL ROTATION0.0°
0.0 / 25 s
Download the 4K lecture animation · 25 seconds ↗
Play the lecture video
Explore the motion
Three ways to see the same knee.
A contact region is not a rotation center.
The circle marks the posterior flexion-facet center. The pink marker follows the nearest opposing surfaces in this model as it flexes. Watch the surface marker separately from the center.
Preparing the knee…
MEDIALLATERAL
0°
0° / 120°
Pink is a geometric proximity marker, not measured cartilage contact or pressure. The published early contact transfer is a teaching distinction; this specimen’s marker is computed from its surfaces.One knee. More than one motion.
Loading, rotational position and the depth of the bend change the movement. These study diagrams separate those effects from the illustrative 3D knee.
Unloaded bending
Weight-bearing squat
Start together, then watch the lateral centres separate.
Pinskerova et al. (2004), Table I · The same five volunteers in both conditions. Dots show each flexion-facet centre’s travel relative to extension, with starting positions aligned for comparison. The outlines and connecting lines are schematic, not measured femoral orientation. Movement between measured positions is interpolated.
Read the evidence and its limits
Hill et al. (2000) examined 13 unloaded living knees and seven loaded knees. The loaded group showed about 4 mm of medial forward movement. In four knees tested with altered rotational positioning, tibial external rotation suppressed the usual accompanying internal rotation during squatting to 90°. This is a separate cohort from the five-volunteer comparison above; the datasets are not interchangeable.
Iwaki et al. (2000) studied six unloaded cadaver knees. Their pattern included early axial rotation, comparatively little additional rotation to approximately 45°, and greater rotation later. The 3D patient animation uses an illustrative phased trajectory based on this description, not digitised individual-knee data.
Contact location is not condylar translation. Pinskerova et al. measured contact as the closest approach of the subchondral plates on MRI. This is not a pressure map or the full cartilage–meniscus load-bearing area. These related studies and the later review do not establish one universal trajectory, ligament-force behaviour, or clinical outcomes after resurfacing.
From the published figures to motion
Pinskerova & Vavrik’s 2020 chapter revisits the MRI and anatomical work cited above. Compare its original diagrams with the animation.
The center of the posterior circular facet sits inside the femoral condyle. The articular surface stays above the tibial surface.
The medial ends cluster together while the lateral ends sweep posteriorly. Our animated replay is limited to 0–120°.
Sources, measurements, and what this animation represents
The live values are prescribed animation targets, not measurements from this specimen. Medial AP is the flexion-facet-center translation, not the migrating contact point. The animation uses 1 mm medial and 20 mm lateral posterior translation with 19.9° coupled rotation at 120°. The sagittal overlays identify the flexion-facet centers; they do not represent contact patches. The bone positions include a geometric surface-clearance correction, not a force-based cartilage simulation.
The medial-pivot pattern is a teaching reference, not an invariant rule. Hill reported approximately 4 mm medial forward movement in loaded knees. Komistek studied five knees and reported individual variation, including a lateral-pivot subject. These studies do not establish that every native knee has no medial rollback or that loading affects timing alone.
- Iwaki, Pinskerova & Freeman (2000) — unloaded cadaver MRI; medial facet transition around 20°, approximately 20° rotation by 110°.
- Hill et al. (2000) — loaded and unloaded living-knee MRI; similar overall pattern with load-related differences.
- Johal et al. (2005) — weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing interventional MRI.
- Freeman & Pinskerova (2005) — 0–120° medial stability, early contact transfer and lateral rollback; deeper flexion is outside this film.
- Komistek, Dennis & Mahfouz (2003) — in-vivo weight-bearing fluoroscopy; subject and activity dependence.
Bone geometry: Open Knee(s), specimen oks009, mirrored to a right-knee teaching reference. Articular surfaces and ghosted menisci are illustrative. Geometry, animation license and adaptation details. This is not a patient-specific or validated joint-contact simulation.
The target
Resurface to the patient’s joint line.
Traditional mechanical alignment targets a neutral reconstruction. Anatomic Resurfacing targets the joint line that belonged to this knee before arthritis.
Follow one example: a native 5° varus joint line, a level mechanical-alignment reconstruction, then a resurfaced knee returned to its original angle and height.
The dotted gold line is the native reference. The solid line follows the reconstructed joint surface.
Joint-line orientation and height: comparative study ↗Loading anatomy…
AP · joint-line referenceArthritic knee · JLO 5.0° varus
Arthritis has worn the surfaces. The dotted gold line marks this knee’s pre-arthritic 5° varus orientation—not a target for every knee.
Illustrative AP comparison, not surgical planning. JLO means joint-line obliquity relative to the horizontal reference shown, not overall leg alignment. Elevation is shown for this example; mechanical alignment does not necessarily raise the entire joint line. The 5° target is specific to this illustration.
The cylindrical axis
The axis behind
the joint line.
Restore the surface–axis relationship.
Height. Orientation. Condylar contours.
01 / 03
Two surfaces. One approximate axis.
Two translucent cylinders reveal different condylar radii sharing the blue axis. The orange arcs remain as surface references.
Preparing the knee…
Cylindrical axisPosterior condylar surface reference
0 / 24 s
4.6°Mean difference between axes in 3D
23 cadaveric knees · range 1.8°–11.3°
23 cadaveric knees · range 1.8°–11.3°
Eckhoff et al. demonstrated that the epicondylar reference and cylindrical axis are distinct. Restoring the tibial joint-line angle alone does not establish restoration of the femoral axis.
Eckhoff et al. · CORR 2007 ↗Geometry and evidence limits
Illustrative surface and axis overlays on an anatomical model; these are not measurements or a patient-specific cylinder fit. The medial and lateral radii may differ while sharing an axis. Orange arcs are idealized posterior condylar surface references, distinct from the tibial joint line. Blue spokes show their radii. Eckhoff’s cylinders were fitted to CT-derived bone surfaces corresponding to approximately 15–115° of flexion, not a measured cartilage envelope. These overlays are not a prescribed cut.
The cylindrical axis is an anatomical approximation of the flexion–extension axis. The animation uses the existing anatomical model and illustrative flexion pattern. The axis, contour and spokes move with the femur; they are not a measured kinematic axis, a validated implant design, or a prediction of clinical outcomes. The model does not establish that restoring this geometry alone improves clinical outcomes.
Eckhoff 2005 and 2007 report matching sample sizes and axis-difference statistics; they are not presented here as independent confirmations. Hollister’s and Freeman’s complete axis models differ and are not combined into one validated model.
Eckhoff et al. · JBJS 2005 ↗ · Hollister et al. · CORR 1993 ↗
Supporting in-vivo axis study · Yin et al. 2015 ↗Existing anatomical model · illustrative motion and axis references
Native motion · 0–120°
From extension
into flexion.
Both sides move.
Watch the lateral side travel farther back.
0° FLEXION
Medial stays close. Lateral travels back.
Follow the blue arrows: the medial center stays close to its starting point while the lateral center travels backward.
Medial · MCLLateral · LCL
Modest medial travel← Posterior
Greater lateral travel← Posterior
Preparing the close-up views…
Blue arrow · center travelPink trail · contact estimate from 35°
0° flexion
Illustrative pattern · medial movement begins gradually around 35° here; timing varies between knees and activities.
Both blue travel tracks use the same scale. The open pink ring marks the contact estimate at 35°; the solid dot marks its current position.
What the animation represents
This prescribed teaching example keeps the medial posterior reference center nearly fixed in the anteroposterior direction through 35°, then gradually introduces 3 model units of posterior movement by 120°. Coupled rotation gives the lateral center substantially greater travel. These values and the 35° onset were chosen for the illustration; they are not universal thresholds or measurements from a published cohort.
Published findings vary with loading, activity, rotation and measurement method. Freeman and Pinskerova emphasize medial stability through the main flexion arc; Johal reported minimal medial posterior translation until approximately 120°, while Hill observed some anterior medial movement during loaded squatting. This animation demonstrates relative stability and possible modest motion, not a single path followed by every native knee.
Blue dots track the actual transformed posterior condylar reference centers. Dashed lines stay fixed at their full-extension AP positions. Pink markers and their trails are geometric surface-proximity estimates sampled from the seated model, not measured cartilage contact or pressure. The open pink ring stays at the 35° estimate, separating early contact transfer from subsequent travel; the trail is identical when scrubbing or playing backward. Blue arrows show center displacement from the fixed extension line. Both projections face the same direction at the same scale. The original anatomy and seating guard are retained; this is not a validated biomechanical simulation.
Freeman & Pinskerova · 2003 ↗ · Johal et al. · 2005 ↗ · Hill et al. · 2000 ↗
Position changes the entry
One patella.
A different relationship.
A conventional femoral component placed in greater valgus and less external rotation can move the trochlear groove medially. The patella then rides more laterally relative to the groove, changing its engagement.
Compare native tracking, a level mechanical-alignment reconstruction, and a resurfacing example with a component-design mismatch. Resurfacing does not inherently cause poor tracking: a design suited to the intended alignment can address this mismatch.
Trochlear design and alignment: comparative study ↗Native knee
Natural surfaces · no implants
Loading anatomy…
LateralMedial
The patella engages its native groove.
Mechanical alignment
Implants · transverse joint line
Loading anatomy…
LateralMedial
Centered engagement with a conventional component in this example.
Valgus Implant Placement
Implants · 5° varus joint line
Loading anatomy…
LateralMedial
The groove angles medially. The patella rides lateral to it.
Trochlear groove & joint linePatellar center trackFixed AP · synchronized motion
Extension
The tibia bends away from the fixed AP camera as the patella descends. Its depth is retained and the tibial bearing moves with the bone. The patella is semi-transparent so the trochlear guide remains visible through it.
Illustrative AP projection using a textured tibial volume and prescribed patellar excursion—not a 3D biomechanical simulation or a predicted outcome. The tibial shape and ligament paths are approximate. The third example uses a conventional mechanical-alignment component in greater valgus and less external rotation. Its 5° varus joint line is an example, not the cause of maltracking by itself. Implant design, rotation and soft tissues also matter.
The sunrise perspective
See the rotation.
See the tracking.
From this axial view, compare the patella’s position over the native trochlea and the trochlear implant. The native and mechanical-alignment examples share the same rotation and centered tracking.
The third example shows a slightly internally rotated femoral component with the patella displaced and tilted laterally. It illustrates a positioning mismatch to recognize—not the expected result of anatomic resurfacing.
Femoral rotation and patellar tracking: clinical study ↗Native knee
Native cartilage · reference rotation
Loading sunrise anatomy…
LateralMedial
The patella remains centered over the native trochlear groove.
Mechanical alignment
Implant · same reference rotation
Loading sunrise anatomy…
LateralMedial
The same rotation, with centered tracking over the implant.
Resurfacing: rotation mismatch
Implant · slight internal rotation
Loading sunrise anatomy…
LateralMedial
Illustrative lateral subluxation and tilt relative to the rotated trochlea.
Trochlear groovePatellar centerFixed sunrise · synchronized motion
Early engagement
Illustrative axial projection, not a radiograph or patient-specific simulation. The first two examples share the same rotational reference. The third deliberately combines internal rotation with lateral patellar subluxation and tilt to demonstrate a possible mismatch—not an inevitable outcome of resurfacing or a degree-based prediction. Tracking also depends on component design, tibial rotation and soft tissues.
01 · Femoral references
Femoral bone landmarks.
The distal and posterior aspects of the bone are consistent landmarks for femoral depth.
Fixed AP viewpointBroad distal medial cartilage loss
Gold: distal condylar reference points · cartilage retained elsewhere
02 · The Tibial Signature
A line you can see.
The lateral capsule above Gerdy’s tubercle and the deep MCL insertion at the mid-coronal plane of the tibia serve as references for varus/valgus orientation and tibial cut depth.
MedialDeep MCL insertion
LateralCapsule above Gerdy’s tubercle
Anatomic Tibial Line
Capsular attachment above Gerdy’s tubercle.
Connect the references to guide orientation and depth.
Conceptual educational render. Confirm landmarks directly in the surgical field.
The Tibial Signature · Radiographic reference
Radiographic signature.
From the surgical field to the AP radiograph.
Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery · Knee Arthroplasty
Specific tibial landmarks to improve to accuracy of the tibial cut during total knee arthroplasty. A case control studySébastien Parratte, Zakee Azmi, Jeremy Daxelet, Jean-Noël Argenson, Cécile Batailler.
2024;144:4101–4108.
Read the study · DOI: 10.1007/s00402-024-05428-wSurgical steps · 03
Femur first.
Assess. Mark. Resect.
01 / 04AP view · femur in extension
The 6 mm resections illustrate this technique, not a universal target. Account for implant thickness, cartilage wear and saw kerf; verify with calipers.
Surgical steps · 04
Tibia second.
Find the attachments. Connect the line. Match the slope.
01 / 04Medial attachment · proximal tibia
Illustrated attachment locations require confirmation in the surgical field. The anterior dotted segment connects the reference sites; it is not a strip of capsule.
In the operating room
The surgical field.
Intraoperative photographs and tibial-cut video.
05 · Restore the relationship
Put back what
you take out.
Remove the planned femoral and tibial bone, then replace those surfaces with the femoral component and tibial implant. Account for cartilage wear, bone resection and saw kerf when matching implant thickness.
Watch the gold joint line and ligament attachment points stay fixed as the bone comes out and the implants go in. The goal is to restore the native joint line and ligament relationship—not move them to fit the implant. Confirm the final soft-tissue balance during trialing.
Caliper-verified resection principles ↗Loading anatomy…
AP · joint-line referenceNative surfaces · save the reference
Gold line: native joint-line reference at 3° varus in this example. Gold points: unchanged collateral ligament attachments. The thicker tibial resection is matched by a thicker tibial implant, seated deeper without raising the joint line. The anterior and distal femoral pieces separate before the femoral component is seated. Resections are grouped for clarity, not shown in operative order. This is an illustrative example, not a prescribed angle or resection depth. The goal is to restore the native relationship; ligament tension must still be checked.
Illustrative animation · not a patient-specific model or a measurement of ligament force. Anatomy and operative decisions require clinical verification.
Joint-line restoration
The joint line shapes ligament function.
Ligaments guide the knee throughout movement. Different fibers lengthen and shorten as it bends. Restoring the native joint line aims to preserve the relationship between the joint surfaces and the ligaments.
Normal laxity varies with flexion, loading and the individual. Check the relationship throughout the bend.
Preparing the moving knee…
One ligament. Different fibers.
Each fiber follows
its own path.
Anterior MCL fibersLengthen with flexion
Posterior MCL fibersShorten with flexion
Observed during walking, downhill walking and stair descent in healthy knees.
Colored paths illustrate the pattern. They are not measured strain or tension.
Medial view · MCL = medial collateral ligament.Teal: anterior fibers · Violet: posterior fibers.
Illustrative anatomy and motion. No force scale, surgical target or prediction of an individual result.
Normal is asymmetric.
Healthy knees can open more laterally than medially in flexion under stress.
Normal is individual.
One person’s laxity does not define the target for another.
Geometry matters.
Joint-line height, inclination and bearing thickness are distinct changes.
What the animation shows
The normal view illustrates the direction of anterior and posterior MCL length changes reported during functional activities. These paths are not digitized study data. The LCL is on the opposite side of the knee and is not shown; its behavior varied between subjects.
The comparison is a simplified, exaggerated medial-view model: the elevated reconstruction changes the distal femoral envelope and effective hinge and adds bearing thickness. It illustrates mid-flexion slack with balanced endpoints, not the isolated effect of changing an insert. Identical native and restored motion represents the restoration goal, not a guaranteed postoperative result. Joint-line inclination is not simulated. Read the cadaver study ↗
Evidence behind this section · 7 studies
- Hosseini Nasab et al., 2021 · Functional fiber behavior ↗
10 healthy subjects; fluoroscopy-driven models. Anterior MCL fibers lengthened and posterior fibers shortened with flexion. Lengths were normalized to heel strike; absolute strain and ligament forces were not measured.
- Tokuhara et al., 2004 · Asymmetric flexion laxity ↗
20 healthy knees near 90° flexion: mean lateral opening 6.7 mm under varus stress, medial opening 2.1 mm under valgus stress. Stress was not standardized and the compartments were stressed separately; these values are not TKA gap targets.
- Verstraete et al., 2017 · Soft-tissue-related contact loads ↗
8 non-arthritic cadaveric knees. Medial contact loads exceeded lateral loads and decreased with flexion in the thigh-pull setup. Compartment contact force is not isolated collateral-ligament force or a walking load.
- Roth, Hull and Howell, 2015 · Individual passive motion limits ↗
10 cadaveric knees, 0–120° flexion. Passive motion limits varied between knees; most comparisons between directions were not strongly correlated. Results depend on the applied loads and passive test conditions.
- Deep, 2014 · Normal collateral laxity ↗
267 healthy knees tested with 10 Nm varus and valgus torque at 0° and 15°. Laxity varied between people and increased with flexion. This young, healthy cohort does not establish universal postoperative targets.
- Luyckx et al., 2018 · Joint-line elevation ↗
A cadaveric TKA reconstruction study found increased mid-flexion laxity after joint-line elevation despite maintained endpoint balance. This supports the illustrated mechanism, not a universal height-to-tension rule.
- 2022 matched-pair study · Joint-line configuration and MCL strain ↗
8 matched cadaver pairs. Kinematic alignment reproduced native mid-flexion MCL strain more closely than mechanical alignment in this experiment. It compared reconstruction strategies and did not isolate inclination alone or measure patient outcomes.
Medially constrained polyethylene
Stable medially.
Free to rotate.
Medial conformity helps control anterior-posterior motion. A less conforming lateral surface permits travel around it.
01 Geometry guides motion
Medial containment.
Greater conformity resists AP translation. The medial side still has some motion.
Lateral freedom.
A less conforming surface allows the lateral condyle to travel as the knee rotates.
The femoral component and insert work together. Conformity alone does not guarantee a medial pivot.
Illustrative implant mechanics, not measured kinematics. The cutaway represents a matched medial ball-and-socket concept, not every MC insert. Motion varies with design, alignment, soft tissues, and activity.
02 The other half of the bearing
The lateral surface matters.
A posterolateral upslope can impede posterior travel. A flatter lateral surface leaves room for that movement.
Lateral sagittal profiles · conceptual comparison, not a reconstruction of a commercial implant. Both diagrams follow the flexion control above.
The study behind the comparison
Bilateral comparison · 25 patients · KA
The medial ball-in-socket/flat lateral construct maintained a medial pivot. A posterolateral upslope was proposed to explain different motion with the low-conforming CR construct.
Different implant systems, PCL management, and follow-up. No difference in median patient-reported outcomes.
Read study03 The complete construct
Geometry. Alignment.
Ligament balance.
The bearing guides motion within the reconstructed knee. Its behavior depends on the joint line, component position, and soft tissues.
Medial congruent ≠ medial pivot
Medial congruence describes surface conformity. A true medial ball-and-socket construct pairs the insert with matching femoral geometry. “Medial pivot” can describe a design concept or an observed motion pattern.
These terms overlap, but the geometries and resulting movements are not interchangeable.
Romano et al. · 2025 ↗What about the PCL?
PCL retention or resection is specific to the implant construct and surgical plan. These studies do not establish a universal PCL strategy or show that medial conformity replaces collateral ligament function.
Review the PCL evidence ↗How alignment enters the picture
Comparative kinematics · 13 knees / 9 patients · 1 year
KA knees showed greater lateral posterior travel and femoral external rotation than MA knees with the studied MP implant.
Exploratory: 8 KA and 5 MA knees. Does not establish clinical superiority.
Read study04 Read the evidence
Motion is one outcome.
How the knee feels is another.
Specific constructs show greater AP stability and medial-centered motion. These findings do not establish normal knee kinematics.
Intraoperative mechanicsAP stability at 45°
Intraoperative comparison · 30 varus OA knees · CR-TKA
MC reduced AP translation under manual stress at 45° compared with CR inserts. Varus–valgus laxity was comparable.
Intraoperative mechanics, not evidence that MC prevents long-term clinical instability.
Read studyWalking and daily activityContainment with rotation
Dynamic fluoroscopy · 3 groups of 10 patients
The studied Sphere construct limited medial AP excursion while permitting lateral travel and axial rotation.
Selected good-outcome patients and specific devices; industry-supported study.
Read studyRandomized implant groups · gait imaging · 74 patients
MS showed less AP drawer/paradoxical translation and a medial center of rotation.
All three implant designs still differed from healthy knees. Motion is not a patient-outcome measure.
Read studyA useful counterpointA label does not predict motion
Dynamic RSA · 8 MC / 8 UC · MA
No detected difference in medial-pivot behavior during sit-to-stand; clinical flexion was greater with MC.
Small sample; absence of a detected difference is not proof of equivalence.
Read studySome trials favor medial stabilization. Overall clinical superiority across designs and alignment strategies remains unestablished.
KA · randomized trialA positive clinical signal
Randomized trial · 200 patients · KA · 2 years
MS had greater maximum flexion (132° vs 124°) and a higher Forgotten Joint Score (68.3 vs 58.3).
Single center and specific implant systems. Not every enrollee completed every two-year measure; results do not isolate the polyethylene alone.
Read studyRandomized comparisonNo detected advantage
Randomized trial · 88 patients · 2 years
No detected differences in ROM or measured patient-reported outcomes between MP and PS.
Findings apply to the studied devices and follow-up; no significant difference does not establish equivalence.
Read studyRCT systematic reviewThe broader evidence is mixed
Systematic review · 8 randomized trials · 725 knees
Pooled MP-versus-PS comparisons found no clear advantage in measured clinical outcomes.
One high-risk-of-bias trial excluded from pooling; insufficient randomized evidence for other bearing comparisons.
Read studyVerify the reconstruction
Trialing.
Evaluating the extension balance.
With the knee in extension, assess medial and lateral stability between the femoral component and tibial polyethylene. Reassess the cuts, component position and soft tissues when the balance is not right.
This view compares extension balance. Then assess mid-flexion and flexion—the same gap pattern is not required at every angle.
Howell’s verification principles ↗Loading anatomy…
AP · implanted knee · extension balanceLateralMedial
Watch the gap between the implant surfaces
Both components remain seated on bone, with no exaggerated opening between the bearing surfaces.
Illustrative animation · not a patient-specific model or a measurement of ligament force. Anatomy and operative decisions require clinical verification.
Verify the reconstruction · 90° flexion
Trialing.
Evaluating the flexion balance.
At 90° of flexion, the medial posterior femoral condyle remains in contact with the tibial polyethylene. The lateral compartment can be looser, with a small space between the lateral posterior condyle and the bearing.
A small lateral gap can be compatible with normal flexion asymmetry. The goal is a stable medial relationship with appropriate lateral freedom—not necessarily a rectangular flexion gap.
Lateral laxity is not unlimited. Interpret the gap with the applied load, implant design and the patient’s soft tissues; verify stability throughout the range of motion.
The flexion gap in normal knees: MRI study ↗Lateral laxity in flexion after TKA ↗Loading anatomy…
90° flexion · posterior condylar contactLateralMedial
90° flexion · medial contact maintained
Gold bracket: lateral spaceTeal ring: medial contact
The medial posterior femoral condyle stays in contact with the polyethylene while a small lateral space opens and closes. Both implants remain seated on their bones. This demonstrates possible physiological asymmetry, not a prescribed gap size or excessive instability.
Illustrative animation · not a patient-specific model or a measurement of ligament force. Anatomy and operative decisions require clinical verification.
The first clinical signal
Closer to native tibial anatomy.
A 2024 retrospective case-control study compared 34 landmark-guided TKAs with 34 matched conventional TKAs.
landmark group
landmark group
control group
Surgeon library & exchange
Publications, presentations, and cases
Explore the literature. Share a presentation.
Walk through a case.
Publications
417 PDF files · Organized by clinical topic
Explore a topic or search the full library. Papers from all collections appear together, with original filenames and duplicate copies retained.
Search topics, filenames and original collection names, not the full text of papers.
417 of 417 PDF files
Anatomy & joint-line geometry36 PDFs
- A correlative study of the geometry and anatomy of the distal femur.pdf
- Automatic methods for characterization of sexual dimorphism of adult femora-distal femur.pdf
- Bellemans-CORR12-constitutional varus.pdf
- Coronal alignment of the lower limb.pdf
- Coronal and sagittal alignment of the lower limb in Caucasians- Analysis of a 3D CT database.pdf
- Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) classification- a new system for describing knee phenotypes.pdf
- CPAK.pdf
- Cylindrical Axis, Not Epicondyles, Approximates Perpendicular to Knee Axes.pdf
- Dalury-CORR01-Observations_of_the_Proximal_Tibia_in_Total_Knee.21.pdf
- Differences between X-ray and MRI-determined knee cartilage thickness in weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing conditions.pdf
- Eckhoff-CORR-AN ABJS BEST PAPER_Difference Between the Epicondylar and Cylindrical Axis of the Knee.pdf
- Elias-CORR90-A_Correlative_Study_of_the_Geometry_and_Anatomy_of.18.pdf
- Extreme Variability in Posterior Slope of the Proximal Tibia Measurements on 2,395 CT Scans of Patients Undergoing UKA.pdf
- Femoral bone and cartilage wear is predictable at 0° and 90° in the osteoarthritic knee treated with total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Femoral Condyle Geometry in the Normal and Varus Knee.pdf
- Functional joint line obliquity after kinematic total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Hancock-CORR13-CA not epicondyles approximate FE axis.pdf
- Howell, KSSTA Phenotype2021.pdf
- Increased prevalence and severity of femoral bone wear in Japanese patients with varus knee osteoarthritis.pdf
- Is Neutral Mechanical Alignment Normal for All Patients- The Concept of Constitutional Varus.pdf
- Kinematic Alignment TKA Aligns the Ankle Joint Line Closer to Those of the Native Ankle than Mechanically Aligned TKA in Bipedal Stance.pdf
- Kinematically aligned TKA can align knee joint line to horizontal.pdf
- Knee surg sports traumatol arthrosc - 2026 - Nedopil - A fixed 2 mm adjustment for worn distal femoral cartilage when the.pdf
- Mismatch between femur and tibia coronal alignment in the knee joint- classification of five lower limb types according to femoral and tibial mechanical alignment.pdf
- Modern total knee arthroplasty designs do not reliably replicate anterior femoral morphology.pdf
- Morphometric analysis of the distal femur in total knee arthroplasty and native knees.pdf
- Phenotyping the knee in young non-osteoarthritic knees shows a wide distribution of femoral and tibial coronal alignment.pdf
- Posterior Tibial Slope in Computer-Navigated Total Knee Arthroplasty- The Transmalleolar Sagittal Axis Underestimates Slope Compared to Traditional Intramedullary Axis.pdf
- Radiographic analysis of the axial alignment of the lower extremity.pdf
- Surgical implications of varus deformity of the knee with obliquity of joint surfaces.pdf
- The Geometry of the Tibial Plateau and Its Influence on the Biomechanics of the Tibiofemoral Joint.pdf
- The kinematic alignment technique for TKA reliably aligns the femoral component with the cylindrical axis.pdf
- Three-dimensional morphology of the distal part of the femur viewed in virtual reality. Part II.pdf
- Three-dimensional morphology of the distal part of the femur viewed in virtual reality. Part II.pdf
- Unrestricted kinematic alignment corrects fixed flexion contracture in robotically aligned total knees without raising the joint line.pdf
- Validation of cartilage depth in total knee arthroplasty.pdf
Ligaments & soft-tissue balance32 PDFs
- A Total Knee Arthroplasty Is Stiffer When the Intraoperative Tibial Force Is Greater than the Native Knee.pdf
- Analysis of differences in laxities and neutral positions from native after kinematically aligned TKA using cruciate retaining implants.pdf
- Collateral Ligament Laxity in Knees- What Is Normal.pdf
- Contact forces in the tibiofemoral joint from soft tissue tensions- Implications to soft tissue balancing in total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Do varus or valgus outliers have higher forces in the medial or lateral compartments than those which are in-range after a kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Giustra et al 2025 - PCL Retention in KA (Persona MC) - JCM.pdf
- Howell-Soft Tissue Balancing in Total Kne-2017.pdf
- In Vivo Elongation Patterns of the Collateral Ligaments in Healthy Knees During Functional Activities.pdf
- In Vivo Elongation Patterns of the Collateral Ligaments in Healthy Knees During Functional Activities.pdf
- In vivo knee laxity in flexion and extension- A radiographic study in 30 older healthy subjects.pdf
- In vivo Length Change Patterns of the Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments along the Flexion Path of the Knee.pdf
- Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty reproduces more native rollback and laxity than mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty- A matched pair cadaveric study.pdf
- Medial and lateral gap laxity differential in computer-assisted kinematic total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Mid-Flexion Anteroposterior Stability of Total Knee Replacement Implanted with Kinematic Alignment- A Randomized, Quantitative Radiographic Laxity Study with Posterior-Stabilized.pdf
- Mid-flexion laxity in the asymptomatic native knee is predominantly present on the lateral side.pdf
- Nedopil-J knee Surg 2021 copy.pdf
- Posterior cruciate ligament retention with medial ball-in-socket conformity promotes internal tibial rotation and knee flexion while providing high clinical outcome scores.pdf
- Posterior cruciate ligament retention with medial ball-in-socket conformity promotes internal tibial rotation and knee flexion while providing high clinical outcome scores.pdf
- Rajgopal-Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthr-2023.pdf
- Restoring the constitutional alignment with a restrictive kinematic protocol improves quantitative soft-tissue balance in total knee arthroplasty- a randomized controlled trial.pdf
- Restoring the constitutional alignment with a restrictive kinematic protocol improves quantitative soft-tissue balance in total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Roth JOR 2015.pdf
- Roth_JOR_2015_supplement.pdf
- Roth, ISAKOS, 2017.pdf
- Roth, JBJS, 2015.pdf
- Shelton-Clin Orthop Relat Res-2018.pdf
- Shelton-JKS18-TKA with high intraop force.pdf
- Shelton, JKS, 2018.pdf
- te Molder-KSSTA19-mid-flex lax asympt native knee.pdf
- The flexion gap in normal knees-An MRI Study.pdf
- Tokuhara-BJJ04-the flexion gap in normal knees MRI study.pdf
- Tokuhara-BJJ04-the flexion gap in normal knees MRI study.pdf
Kinematics, gait & knee motion34 PDFs
- Delman-Knee Surg Sports Traumato-In Press 2021 copy.pdf
- Does standing limb alignment after total knee arthroplasty predict dynamic alignment and knee loading during gait.pdf
- Does the femur roll-back with flexion.pdf
- Eckhoff-JBJS03-Three-Dimensional Morphology and Kinematics of the Distal Part of the Femur Viewed in Virtual Reality_Part II.pdf
- Freeman-COOR03-The_Movement_of_the_Knee_Studied_by_Magnetic.7.pdf
- Freeman-J Biomech05-movement of a normal tibiofemoral joint.pdf
- Hollister-CORR93-The_Axes_of_Rotation_of_the_Knee.33.pdf
- Howell, KSSTA, Kinematics 2012.pdf
- Howell, Ortho, Kinematics 2009.pdf
- Hull-Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, A-2022.pdf
- In vivo fluoroscopic analysis of fixed-bearing total knee replacements.pdf
- Iwaki-BJJ00-tibiofemoral movement unloaded cadaver.pdf
- Journal Orthopaedic Research - 2009 - Victor - The influence of muscle load on tibiofemoral knee kinematics.pdf
- Kinematic Alignment Compared With Mechanical Alignment Techniques Results in Greater Peak Three-Dimensional Knee Joint Moments During Stair Negotiation.pdf
- Kinematic alignment in total knee arthroplasty better reproduces normal gait than mechanical alignment.pdf
- Kinematic Evaluation of the GMK Sphere Implant During Gait Activities- A Dynamic Videofluoroscopy Study.pdf
- Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty reduces knee adduction moment more than mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty reduces knee adduction moment more than mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Nicolet-Petersen, KSSTA, 2019_Small differences in tibial contact locations.pdf
- Niki-KSSTA18-KA has lower adduction moment than MA.pdf
- No difference in outcomes and gait analysis between mechanical and kinematic knee alignment methods using robotic total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Pinskerova-BJJ04-Does the femur roll-back.pdf
- Pinskerova-BJJ04-Does the femur roll-back.pdf
- Restoration of Joint Line Obliquity May Not Influence Lower Extremity Peak Frontal Plane Moments During Stair Negotiation.pdf
- Salvi et al 2024 - JLO and Natural Kinematics - Arthro Today.pdf
- The axes of rotation of the knee.pdf
- The knee in full flexion- an anatomical study.pdf
- The Movement of the Knee Studied by Magnetic Resonance Imaging.pdf
- The movement of the normal tibio-femoral joint.pdf
- The transepicondylar axis approximates the optimal flexion axis of the knee.pdf
- Three-dimensional mechanics, kinematics, and morphology of the knee viewed in virtual reality.pdf
- Three-dimensional mechanics, kinematics, and morphology of the knee viewed in virtual reality.pdf
- THREE‐DIMENSIONAL MECHANICS, KINEMATICS, AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE KNEE VIEWED IN VIRTUAL REALITY.pdf
- Tibiofemoral movement 2- the loaded and unloaded living knee studied by MRI.pdf
Patellofemoral joint & trochlear tracking76 PDFs
- 11999_2012_Article_2741.pdf
- 167_2022_Article_7251.pdf
- A laterally positioned concave trochlear groove prevents patellar dislocation.pdf
- A laterally positioned concave trochlear groove prevents patellar dislocation.pdf
- Anatomic rotational relationships of the proximal tibia, distal femur, and patella- implications for rotational alignment in total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Are current total knee arthroplasty implants designed to restore normal trochlear groove anatomy.pdf
- Better forgotten joint scores when the angle of the prosthetic trochlea is lateral to the quadriceps vector in kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Better PROMs with Lateralized Prosthetic Trochlea J Pers Med 2023.pdf
- Chronic lateral patella tracking is strongly associated with quadriceps external rotation in relation to the femoral shaft and not with wasting of the vastus medialis.pdf
- Coughlin-JOA03-tibial axis and patellar position relative to femoral epicondylar axis.pdf
- Differences in trochlear parameters between native and prosthetic kinematically or mechanically aligned knees.pdf
- Eckhoff-CORR97-Knee_Version_Associated_With_Anterior_Knee_Pain.20.pdf
- Effect of femoral component design and quadriceps load on patellofemoral kinematics after total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Effects of Femoral Component Design on the Deepest Point Position of the Trochlear Groove in Kinematically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty.pdf
- Evidence of trochlear dysplasia in femoral component designs.pdf
- Gattu et al 2024 - Trochlear Comparisons - JOA.pdf
- Gender differences in trochlear groove orientation and rotational kinematics of human knees.pdf
- Gender differences in trochlear groove orientation and rotational kinematics of human knees.pdf
- Howell-Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthros-2023.pdf
- Howell-KSSTA13-Variability of Tubercle (1).pdf
- Hull-JKS Trochlea Sphere 2022.pdf
- Hull, JKS, 2022_Differences in trochlear morphology from native using a femoral component interfaced.pdf
- Hungerford-CORR85-total knee arthroplasty (1).pdf
- Implant Trochlear Angles KSSTA 2023.pdf
- Incavo-JOA03-rotational relationships of the knee.pdf
- KA Design for PF Tracking J Pers Med 2023.pdf
- KA Recreates Trochlea Better Than MA JBB 2024.pdf
- KA TKA Deep Flexion PFJ KSST 2019.pdf
- KA Trochlear Anatomy Review KSST 2025.pdf
- Kinematic alignment more closely restores the groove location and the sulcus angle of the native trochlea than mechanical alignment.pdf
- Kinematic alignment of current TKA implants does not restore the native trochlear anatomy.pdf
- Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty reproduces native patellofemoral biomechanics during deep knee flexion.pdf
- Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty reproduces native patellofemoral biomechanics during deep knee flexion.pdf
- Location of the femoral sulcus in the osteoarthritic knee.pdf
- Location of the femoral sulcus in the osteoarthritic knee.pdf
- Mismatch between trochlear coronal alignment of arthritic knees and currently available prosthesis- a morphological analysis of 4116 knees and 45 implant designs.pdf
- Mismatch between trochlear coronal alignment of arthritic knees and currently available prosthesis.pdf
- Modern TKA Design and PF Issues OTSR 2018.pdf
- Nicolet-Petersen, KSSTA, 2019_KA TKA restores physiological patellofemoral biomechanics.pdf
- Patellofemoral Joint Kinematics JOR 2009.pdf
- Patellofemoral joint kinematics- the circular path of the patella around the trochlear axis.pdf
- PF Instability Risk Factors in KA Int Ortho 2017.pdf
- Poor relationship between frontal tibiofemoral and trochlear anatomic parameters- Implications for designing a trochlea for kinematic alignment.pdf
- Preoperative quadriceps malalignment is associated with poor outcomes after knee replacement which are avoided by external rotation of the femoral component.pdf
- Quadriceps tendon malalignment is an independent anatomical deformity which is the primary abnormality associated with lateral facet patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis.pdf
- Referencing the sulcus line of the trochlear groove and removing intraoperative parallax errors improve femoral component rotation in total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Restoration of the trochlear peaks is unnecessary with a kinematic alignment-optimized femoral component, as under-stuffing results.pdf
- retrieve.pdf
- Rotational Malalignment of the Extensor Mechanism.pdf
- Sexual and ethnic polymorphism result in considerable mismatch between native trochlear geometry and off-the-shelf TKA prostheses.pdf
- Sulcus morphology of the distal femur.pdf
- sulcus_morphology_of_the_distal_femur.4.pdf
- Tanifuji-CORR13-vector of quadriceps pull is directed from the patella to the femoral neck.pdf
- Tanifuji-CORR13-vector of quadriceps pull is directed from the patella to the femoral neck.pdf
- The effects of axial rotational alignment of the femoral component on knee stability and patellar tracking in total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- The geometry of the trochlear groove.pdf
- The Quadriceps Vector in the Lower Extremity of Indian Patients Is Similar in Caucasian and Japanese Patients.pdf
- The sulcus line of the trochlear groove is more accurate than Whiteside's Line in determining femoral component rotation.pdf
- The tibial cut influences the patellofemoral knee kinematics and pressure distribution in total knee arthroplasty with constitutional varus alignment.pdf
- The tibial cut influences the patellofemoral knee kinematics and pressure distribution in total knee arthroplasty with constitutional varus alignment.pdf
- The trochlear sulcus of the native knee is consistently orientated close to the sagittal plane despite variation in distal condylar anatomy.pdf
- The Vector of Quadriceps Pull is Directed From the Patella to the Femoral Neck.pdf
- Tibial axis and patellar position relative to the femoral epicondylar axis during squatting.pdf
- Tibial axis and patellar position relative to the femoral epicondylar axis during squatting.pdf
- TKA TKA Deep Flexion PFJ KSST 2020.pdf
- Trochlear Angles Implant Designs JOA 2023.pdf
- Trochlear Differences in Native, KA, and MA Knees KSST 2018.pdf
- Trochlear Implant Morphology Bioengineering 2025.pdf
- Trochlear Morphology KA vs MA J Knee Surg 2020.pdf
- Undercoverage of lateral trochlear resection is correlated with the tibiofemoral alignment parameters in kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- van Meijeren et al 2026 - Alignment and the Patellofemoral Joint - The Knee.pdf
- Variations in trochlear morphology of contemporary and legacy total knee arthroplasty prostheses- a review of 22 designs.pdf
- What clinical characteristics and radiographic parameters are associated with patellofemoral instability after kinematically-aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Wide variation in tibial slopes and trochlear angles in the arthritic knee- a CT evaluation of 4116 pre-operative knees.pdf
- Wide Variation of Slope of PFA KSST 2022.pdf
- WJO-5-163.pdf
Implant design & polyethylene geometry38 PDFs
- A best-fit of an anatomic tibial baseplate closely parallels the flexion-extension plane and covers a high percentage of the proximal tibia.pdf
- A best-fit of an anatomic tibial baseplate closely parallels the flexion-extension plane and covers a high percentage of the proximal tibia.pdf
- A medial congruent polyethylene offers satisfactory early outcomes and patient satisfaction in total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- A prospective randomized controlled trial comparing medial-pivot versus posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- A retrospective comparison of a medial pivot and posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty with respect to patient-reported and radiographic outcomes.pdf
- Better flexion and early recovery with medial-stabilized.pdf
- Clinical and patient-reported outcomes of medial stabilized versus non-medial stabilized prostheses in total knee arthroplasty- a systematic review and meta-analysis.pdf
- Comparative study on mid- and long-term clinical effects of medial pivot prosthesis and posterior-stabilized prosthesis after total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Comparison of the clinical and patient-reported outcomes between medial stabilized and posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- French-JOA20-Medial Stabilized versus CR in KA TKA.pdf
- Higher satisfaction and function scores in restricted kinematic alignment versus mechanical alignment with medial pivot design total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Howell-Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthros-2023.pdf
- Hull-KSSTA Persona, A-2022 copy.pdf
- Implant design may influence knee flexor activation patterns during stair ascent and descent.pdf
- Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty using medial pivot knee prosthesis enhances medial pivot motion.pdf
- Medial Congruent and Medial Pivot Inserts in Total Knee.pdf
- Medial stabilised total knee arthroplasty achieves comparable clinical outcomes when compared to other TKA designs- a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature.pdf
- medial_pivot_designs_versus_conventional_bearing.6.pdf
- Mid-flexion stability in the anteroposterior plane is achieved with a medial congruent insert in cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty for varus osteoarthritis.pdf
- Nedopil- JPM Lat Congruency 2022.pdf
- Nedopil-J knee Surg 2021.pdf
- No clinical differences at the 2-year follow-up between single radius and J-curve medial pivot total knee arthroplasty in the treatment of neutral or varus knees.pdf
- No difference in patient preference for medial pivot versus posterior-stabilized design in staged bilateral total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- No kinematical difference between ultra-congruent and medial-congruent total knee arthroplasty when implanted with mechanical alignment.pdf
- Outcomes are better with a medial-stabilized vs a posterior-stabilized total knee implanted with kinematic alignment.pdf
- Outcomes are Better With a Medial-Stabilized vs a Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Implanted With Kinematic Alignment.pdf
- Petersen - Medial congruent polyethylene design show different tibiofemoral.pdf
- Risitano et al 2020 - KA and MP Designs - J Ortho.pdf
- Short-term follow-up of kinematically vs. mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty with medial pivot components- a case-control study.pdf
- Short-term follow-up of kinematically vs. mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty with medial pivot components.pdf
- The posterolateral upslope of a low-conforming insert blocks the medial pivot during a deep knee bend in TKA.pdf
- The posterolateral upslope of a low-conforming insert blocks the medial pivot during a deep knee bend in TKA.pdf
- The posterolateral upslope of a low-conforming insert blocks the medial pivot during a deep knee bend in TKA.pdf
- Tibiofemoral kinematic analysis of knee flexion for a medial pivot knee.pdf
- Unrestricted kinematic alignment offers limited functional benefit over mechanical alignment in medial pivot total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Unrestricted kinematic alignment offers limited functional benefit over mechanical alignment in medial pivot total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Wang et al 2026 - J Clin Med.pdf
- Zhang et al 2025 - MA vs KA in rTKA - J Ortho.pdf
Surgical technique & instrumentation20 PDFs
- A surgeon that switched to unrestricted kinematic alignment with manual instruments has a short learning curve and comparable resection accuracy.pdf
- Accuracy of matching tibial slope in manual kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Caliper-verified unrestricted kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty in Asian patients showed efficacious mid- to long-term results regardless.pdf
- Changes in varus and valgus slope caused by tibial cutting block rotation in total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Does a positioning rod or a patient-specific guide result in more natural femoral flexion in the concept of kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Does calipered kinematically aligned TKA restore native left to right symmetry of the lower limb and improve function.pdf
- Does Calipered Kinematically Aligned TKA Restore Native Left to Right Symmetry of the Lower Limb and Improve Function.pdf
- Femoral cartilage variability affects the accuracy of kinematic alignment and imageless navigation in total knee arthroplasty- A prospective study from the FP-UCBM Knee Study Group.pdf
- Howell-KSSTA-2022 accuracy copy.pdf
- Howell-KSSTA-2022 accuracy.pdf
- Improving Accuracy in Knee Arthroplasty.pdf
- Measured resection techniques do not align to the cylindrical axis in kinematic total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Mechanical and kinematic alignment in total knee arthroplasty- a comparative study on sizing discrepancies.pdf
- Nedopil JPM learning curve 2022.pdf
- Nedopil-The Knee-2023.pdf
- Negligible effect of surgeon experience on the accuracy and time to perform unrestricted caliper-verified kinematically aligned TKA with manual instruments.pdf
- Outcomes in Patients with a Calipered Kinematically Aligned TKA That Already Had a Contralateral Mechanically Aligned TKA.pdf
- Shelton-2019-Outcomes-in-patients-with-a-caliper copy.pdf
- The viability and success of cementless kinematic total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Use-the-Right-Looking-Glass-When-You-Do-Caliper-verified-K_2022_Arthroplasty.pdf
Component rotation & positioning7 PDFs
- Akogi-CORR04-An_Anteroposterior_Axis_of_the_Tibia_for_Total.30.pdf
- Can kinematic tibial templates assist the surgeon in locating the flexion and extension plane of the knee.pdf
- changes-in-the-rotational-axes-of-the-tibiofemoral-joint-caused-by-resection.pdf
- changes-in-the-rotational-axes-of-the-tibiofemoral-joint-caused-by-resection.pdf
- Nakahara-Knee15-rotational align of tibial component affects kinematic rotation of WB after TKA.pdf
- The high variability of tibial rotational alignment in total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Variability of the location of the tibial tubercle affects the rotational alignment of the tibial component in kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
Comparative studies31 PDFs
- Calliess-Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthr-2017.pdf
- Calliess-KSSTA17-KA versus MA-RCT.pdf
- Calliess-KSSTA17-kinematic vs mechanical alignment tka.pdf
- Dossett_Bone Joint J_2014.pdf
- Dossett-J Arthroplasty-2023.pdf
- Elbuluk-J Arthroplasty-2022 copy.pdf
- French-J Arthroplasty-2020.pdf
- Head-to-Head Comparison of Kinematic Alignment Versus Mechanical Alignment for Total Knee Arthroplasty.pdf
- Howell KA vs MA OrthoToday 102010.pdf
- Jeremic-Orthop Traumatol Surg Res-2020 copy.pdf
- Kinematic Alignment Does Not Result in Clinically Important Improvements After TKA Compared With Mechanical Alignment- A Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials.pdf
- Kinematic Alignment Does Not Result in Clinically Important Improvements After TKA Compared With Mechanical Alignment.pdf
- Kinematic alignment versus mechanical alignment in primary total knee arthroplasty- an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.pdf
- Kinematically versus mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- MacDessi-Bone Joint J-2020.pdf
- Matsumoto-BJJ17-radiological and clinical compar KA vs MA.pdf
- Matsumoto-Bone & Joint Journal-2017.pdf
- McEwen-J Arthroplasty-2020.pdf
- Niki-J Arthroplasty-2020.pdf
- Patients undergoing staged bilateral knee arthroplasty are less aware of their kinematic aligned knee compared to their mechanical knee.pdf
- PSI kinematic versus non-PSI mechanical alignment in total knee arthroplasty- a prospective, randomized study.pdf
- Radiological and clinical comparison of kinematically versus mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Radiological and clinical comparison of kinematically versus mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Scott-J Arthroplasty-2022 copy.pdf
- Shelton-The Journal of Knee Surgery-2019.pdf
- The early outcome of kinematic versus mechanical alignment in total knee arthroplasty- a prospective randomised control trial.pdf
- Waterson-BJJ16-Early Outcome of KA vs MA TKA-RCT.pdf
- Waterson-Bone Joint J-2016.pdf
- Yaron-J Orthop-2021 copy.pdf
- Young-2016-The Chitranjan S. Ranawat Award _ N.pdf
- Young-CORR16-no difference at 2 years KA vs MA-RCT.pdf
Patient outcomes & recovery22 PDFs
- 155756-in-my-experience-my-20-year-kinematic-alignment-journey-how-it-led-to-a-ka-optimized-implant-and-a-forgotten-joint-score-similar-to-anterior-hip-a.pdf
- A randomised controlled trial of kinematically and mechanically aligned total knee replacements- two-year clinical results.pdf
- A single surgeon series comparing the outcomes of a cruciate retaining and medially stabilized total knee arthroplasty using kinematic alignment principles.pdf
- A single surgeon series comparing the outcomes of a cruciate retaining and medially stabilized total knee arthroplasty using kinematic alignment principles.pdf
- Bosco et al 2025 - Clinical outcomes of KA in MP Knees - Systematic Review - J Exp Ortho.pdf
- Comparison of Kinematic Alignment and Mechanical Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty.pdf
- COMPON~1.PDF
- Component alignment during total knee arthroplasty with use of standard.pdf
- Computer-assisted kinematic and mechanical axis total knee arthroplasty- a prospective randomized controlled trial of bilateral simultaneous surgery.pdf
- Is There a Force Target That Predicts Early Patient-reported Outcomes After Kinematically Aligned TKA.pdf
- Joint Line Modification in Kinematically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty Improves Functional Activity but Not Patient Satisfaction.pdf
- Kinematic alignment results in clinically similar outcomes to mechanical alignment- systematic review and meta-analysis.pdf
- Kinematic Alignment Technique Outperforms Mechanical Alignment in Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty-A Randomized Controlled Trial.pdf
- Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty did not show superior patient-reported outcome measures.pdf
- Limitations of the Knee Society Score in kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
- Medially congruent total knee arthroplasty in valgus knee deformities yields satisfactory outcomes- a multicenter, international study.pdf
- Niki-JOA20-KA Athroplasty-Perspectives on PROMs.pdf
- Outcomes of manual kinematic alignment total knee arthroplasty in valgus knee deformity.pdf
- Setting the distal and posterior condyle of the femoral component to restore the medial pre-arthritic femoral articular surface results.pdf
- Shelton-JournalofKnee19-Outcomes of patients with MA and KA knees.pdf
- The Forgotten Joint Score after total knee arthroplasty with a kinematic alignment-optimized femoral component matches total hip arthroplasty.pdf
- Who Will Benefit From Kinematically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty- Perspectives on Patient-Reported Outcome Measures.pdf
Implant survivorship & complications16 PDFs
- A new tibial insert design with ball-in-socket medial conformity and posterior cruciate ligament retention has low tibial baseplate migration.pdf
- A randomized controlled trial of tibial component migration with kinematic alignment using patient-specific instrumentation versus mechanical alignment.pdf
- Dossett-J Arthroplasty-2023 copy.pdf
- Effect of postoperative mechanical axis alignment on the fifteen-year survival of modern, cemented total knee replacements.pdf
- Howell-The Journal of Arthroplasty-2018 copy.pdf
- Howell, J Arthro, 2023.pdf
- Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty is as effective in severe varus deformities as in mild deformities.pdf
- Klasan-The Journal of Arthroplasty-2020 copy.pdf
- Laende Dunbar 2019 BJJ - KATKA & RSA.pdf
- Laende-Bone Joint J-2019 copy.pdf
- Niesen KSSTA RSA 2022 copy.pdf
- Niesen KSSTA RSA 2022.pdf
- Niesen-JBJS-Submitted JBJS May 2023 copy.pdfFilename identifies a submitted manuscript; publication status has not been verified.
- Shekhar, JPM MUA 2022.pdf
- Similar migration for medial congruent and cruciate-retaining tibial components in an anatomic TKA system.pdf
- What mechanisms are associated with tibial component failure after kinematically-aligned total knee arthroplasty.pdf
General reference & perspectives105 PDFs
Broader reference material and papers whose filenames do not identify a specific subject. Topics are based on available filenames and collection labels, not a full-text review.
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